Policy Issues in US Healthcare

Strategy Issues in US Healthcare Jessie E Saltersâ Strategy/ADVOCACY PROJECT The Georgia Public Policy Foundation is a 501(c) (3) non-benefit, objective examination establishment. The Foundations strategic to improve the lives of Georgians through open approaches that upgrade financial chance and opportunity. The Foundation is state orientated, autonomous, and without specific enthusiasm towards any political gathering. Georgias Public Policy Foundation directs academic examination and investigation of state open arrangement issues and work to teach residents, strategy creators and the media. A few occasions all through the state are facilitated every year to talk about issues identifying with open approach gives that influence Georgians. The current arrangement issue of criticalness that this organization is effectively trying to address is social insurance spending. As indicated by the Georgia Public Policy Foundation, (georgiapolicy.org/2016/08/manage issues-medicinal services) the administration office of responsibility non social insurance spending represents the reliable generally speaking level of our Gross Domestic Product (GDP) after some time, anyway wellbeing spending increments at a staggering rate. Assets that are spent on Social Security, guard, household programs, and so forth., barring interest cost left unattended causes impractical government deficiency spending. This kind of spending dominates other spending interests relating to instruction and transportation in this way causing medicinal services spending to strain Georgias families financial plans. Human services is mind boggling and has numerous difficulties to attempt to address overall. The Georgia Public Policy Foundations intend to address the issue is by concentrating on what they consider to be strategy gives that are misrepresentative of our medicinal services framework. The Foundation is tending to the government charge strategy, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) and inclusion for previous conditions.â The Foundation proposed to fix holes inside the bureaucratic assessment strategy by reclassifying refundable duty credits to permit unused credits to repay wellbeing net suppliers. This is thought to be the most fair approach to improve access to social insurance and furnish people with elective approaches to buy human services protection. The uncompensated consideration issues brought about by the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act would be reduced by utilization of the assessment credits. The duty credits would aid the straightforwardness between businesses gave protection versus economically bought protection. To forestall take-over by boss protection the duty credits would just be offered to workers that dont have manager protection. Previous conditions would be address by supplanting exorbitant guidelines with high-chance pools. This is valuable to people who are viewed as restoratively uninsurable dependent on certain wellbeing conditions or reasons.â The Georgia Public Policy Foundations expected reaction because of their promotion endeavors would be a sound wellbeing strategy with the qualities showing restraint Centered, Security for the Sickest, Equitable Tax Treatment, Personal Responsibility, Access for All, and Transparency. In adoration to the above current arrangement issue the article by Alan R. Weil, Coverage Expansion, Accountable Care, and the sky is the limit from there. Wellbeing Affairs 36, no.1 (2017):7 doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1607 communicated worries that are related with the above strategy issues. This article recognized medicinal services as an essential idea during the political decision year. The Affordable Care Act was considered to make Health Care available and reasonable for all. Notwithstanding, medicinal services inclusion development, responsible consideration, and inconsistencies are issues related with the Georgia Public Policy Foundation. Social insurance premiums kept on skying rocket in 2016. The medicinal services advertise is hard to quantify since protection premiums kept on changing from year to year and endorsing significantly affects costs. Premium increments depend on the costs of item offered and not items individuals really purchase. Wellbeing Affairs, (2016.1607) detailed variations in California that indicated people exchanged their protection plans to the arrangement of least expense. This thusly caused an ascent in the measure of cash paid by enrollees, more than people that were just looking for protection. Reports demonstrated 33% of people didn't got protection limits because of the absence of information or as a result of getting the protection out of the Affordable Care Act Marketplace. Medicare Shared Savings Programs utilized information that was from two years of administrations gave by responsible consideration associations (ACOs) that demonstrated racial and ethnic disparities.â New installment techniques are expected to guarantee a positive nature of human services is given and available. Cost and human services quality in the Alternative Quality Contract (AQC) was looked at among enrollees in locales of Massachusetts with lower and higher financial status which discovered abberations in process quantifies yet not in result measures. Medicare appropriations are not equivalent to the quality and enhancements as in the Alternative Quality Contract. The data contain in this article delineate and bolster the requirement for support in executing purchaser driven human services changes. This article depicts that it is so hard to accomplish human services at the neighborhood, state and government levels because of orderly and dubious contrasts that are common and are influencing our social insurance framework. The requirement for proceeded with backing at all levels is indispensable to prevailing at reviving our social insurance framework. REFERENCES Alan R. Weil, Coverage Expansion, Accountable Care, And More: Health Affairs 36, no. 1 (2017): 7 doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff.2016.1607 Manual for the Issues: Health Care: Retrieved From; http://www.georgiapolicy.org/2016/08/manage issues-medicinal services/

Free Essays on Three Faces Of Aeneas

Three Faces of Aeneas: The Gladiatorial Combat of auctores in Chaucer’s House of Fame Reliance on artistic custom built up by the printed heritage of renowned Latin creators portrayed the time of the organization of the House of Fame, one of Geoffrey Chaucer’s early works. Definitive Latin essayists auctores-furnished crafted by medieval journalists with significant ‘truths’, which added to the believability of medieval writings, however denying them of certain measure of inventiveness. Be that as it may, in approving their works by using the material delivered by auctores, medieval scholars confronted a quandary they found that the definitive artistic material that involved the significant certainties was regularly conflicting, befuddling and incorrect, as reflected in Book III of the House of Fame: â€Å"Oon seyde Omere made lyes,/feynynge in hys poetries† (ll. 1477-78). Thus, the believability of the realities and the validity of the individuals who articulated them were addressed by those mindful of the issue. The House of Fame uncovers Chaucer’s familiarity with the issue. Chaucer’s update of the Aeneas and Dido scene delineated in Book I of the House of Fame speaks to a result of the unique and clashing artistic customs built up by two legitimate mammoths of the Middle Ages, Virgil and Ovid. This correction, based on deliberately chose clashing poetical/verifiable facts of both auctores, produces another Aeneas, at the same time Virgilian and Ovidian. Aeneas of the House of Fame, I will contend, has three recognized countenances: that of a saint, a deceiver, and a survivor of hetero want. Chaucer puts his rendering of the Aeneas and Dido scene inside a fantasy vision. The decision of the type of a fantasy vision regularly brings various points of interest for the essayist. A fantasy vision permits the creator to inspect addresses that can't be considered by reason alone and that may require a visionary ... Free Essays on Three Faces Of Aeneas Free Essays on Three Faces Of Aeneas Three Faces of Aeneas: The Gladiatorial Combat of auctores in Chaucer’s House of Fame Reliance on artistic convention set up by the literary inheritance of lofty Latin creators portrayed the time of the sythesis of the House of Fame, one of Geoffrey Chaucer’s early works. Definitive Latin authors auctores-furnished crafted by medieval essayists with priceless ‘truths’, which added to the validity of medieval writings, however denying them of certain measure of creativity. Nonetheless, in approving their works by using the material delivered by auctores, medieval scholars confronted a difficulty they found that the definitive artistic material that involved the important realities was regularly opposing, confounding and off base, as reflected in Book III of the House of Fame: â€Å"Oon seyde Omere made lyes,/feynynge in hys poetries† (ll. 1477-78). Subsequently, the believability of the facts and the validity of the individuals who articulated them were addressed by those mindful of the issue. The House of Fame uncovers Chaucer’s atten tion to the issue. Chaucer’s update of the Aeneas and Dido scene delineated in Book I of the House of Fame speaks to a result of the dissimilar and clashing abstract customs set up by two legitimate monsters of the Middle Ages, Virgil and Ovid. This amendment, based on deliberately chose clashing poetical/recorded certainties of both auctores, produces another Aeneas, at the same time Virgilian and Ovidian. Aeneas of the House of Fame, I will contend, has three recognized countenances: that of a legend, a trickster, and a survivor of hetero want. Chaucer puts his rendering of the Aeneas and Dido scene inside a fantasy vision. The decision of the type of a fantasy vision regularly brings various focal points for the essayist. A fantasy vision permits the creator to inspect addresses that can't be considered by reason alone and that may require a visionary ...

The Zodiac Signs and Human Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

The Zodiac Signs and Human Behavior My conviction is that the idea of our conduct depends on space science; henceforth the explanation that individuals who share a similar zodiac sign have fundamentally the same as qualities, and once in a while a blend of individuals with certain zodiac signs can't get along or are truly perfect. At times I can tell from a person’s sign as a result of their conduct, and different preferences. Getting familiar with soothsaying and the zodiac signs causes us to get individuals and their activities. Many contend that it is occurrence, however the chances are too high to even think about being that. It was not as of recently prior that individuals began recognizing their zodiac sign with the situation of the Sun. So when an individual is asked what is his or sign, the Sun was going through on the day that individual was conceived. This can be shown on a birth outline. Our introduction to the world outlines are unique "sky maps" which mirror the nature of the specific second we drew our first breath. With that first breath, we each started our own fantastic legend's excursion through life on planet Earth. The birth places of the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto all play their own one of a kind emblematic jobs as couriers and envoys of the universe. The contention is that a few people question why the portrayal of the sign doesn't fit them. The appropriate response is that there are three sections to the birth outline: the sun, the moon, and the ascendant. The sun (quick) goes through every one of the 12 zodiac signs over the span of roughly a year. The moon (quicker) goes through every one of the 12 zodiac signs over the span of around a month, and the ascendant (quickest): goes through each of the 12 zodiac signs throughout a 24 hour day. Additionally, a birth diagram and translation or either a horoscope and similarity report can't be exact for everybody brought into the world under a particular zodiac sign except if the celestial prophet has precise data about the hour of birth, date of birth and spot of birth. Some of the time the time isn't known and a celestial prophet will utilize 12:01 P.M. which, while not as exact as it ought to be, will put one as near the objective as could be expected under the circumstances. Witho ut this data all that one finds out about one’s sign anyplace will be summed up data. Disease, for instance, is situated in the prophetic component of Water. Of the four visionary components (Fire, Earth, Air, and... ...thers so as to make your life an increasingly more joyful and advantageous excursion and a framework to check whether a match among you and another will offer you a more prominent possibility at joy dependent on the mix of your graphs. A Compatibility report or Synastry translation and Chart Wheel consolidates your outline and a mates to shape a spic and span substance (character) called relationship. The sign, the rising sign and different situations, much of the time, will be not quite the same as either your outline or your mate's diagram. This shows what qualities you will have the option to call upon in the relationship and what shortcomings to survive. A Birth Chart and Interpretation or either a Horoscope and similarity report can't be precise for everybody brought into the world under a particular Zodiac sign except if the Astrologer has exact data about the hour of birth, date of birth and spot of birth. Spot of habitation is significant in the throwing of day by day Horoscopes. Here and there the time isn't known and an Astrologer will utilize 12:01 P.M. which, while not as exact as it ought to be, will put you as near the objective as could be expected under the circumstances. Without this data all that you read about your sign anyplace will be summed up data.

Study And Analysis Of Commodity Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

A commodity market is a place in where basic, unprocessed (raw) materials and primary products are traded in exchange of money or other commodities. Our first key term is commodity in the definition. There five main categories of commodity that are traded: Grains: corn, wheat soybean, etc. Energy Products: crude oil, heating oil, gasoline, natural gas, etc. Metals: gold, silver, platinum, etc. Softs: food and manucaturing products such as cotton, coffee, etc. Livestock And second key term is market. Trading activities (buying and selling) occur in regulated markets, that are called commodity exchanges, via standardized contracts; or in OTC (Over-the-Counter) markets via physical transactions. As it appears from the explanations, commodity markets are like equity markets. However, instead of buying and selling shares, participants buy and sell commodities. There are currently 48 large commodity exchanges trading approximately 100 different types of commodity around world. Another key term, that doesnt exist in the definition, is fungibility that is the best way to understand commodity markets. Fungibility is the property of a good or a commodity whose individual units are capable of mutual substitution. For example, there is no difference between gr apes in Buca and in ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾irince. And gold, it is same in China and in Turkey. Other examples of highly fungible commodities may be crude oil, wheat, orange juice, natural gas. How does fungibility help buyers and sellers? By this way: It allows them trade huge quantities of oil, frozen orange juice, cotton, wheat without considering who, where, when produces; as long as quality of the products meet certain guideliness. Agrarian products must be in raw form; for example wheat-not flour or corn-not cornmeal. Also for perishable commodities there are some certain guidelinesses, as well. For example; orange juice must have adequate shelf life in order to be traded in commodity markets. HISTORY OF COMMODITY MARKETS According to studies, commodity markets in Sumer were known as the oldest and the primitive form of todays commodity markets. Small baked clay tokens in the shape of sheep or goats were used in trade. Sealed in clay vessels with a certain number of such tokens, with that number written on the outside, they represented a promise to deliver that number of sheep and/or goat. Moreover, a promise included time and date of delivery. So that, the clay vessels were like a modern future contracts. In ancient Greece and Rome, The Agora and The Forum were served as distributions centers for commodities brought from different edges. After the fall of these civilizations, experiences on commerce were transfered to feudal times. Merchants, craftmen, promoters arranged regional fairs at fixed times and places to sell commodities more than food like gold, silver, spices, cloth, wood, etc. With these regional fairs, the immediate predecessors of modern future contracts that to arrive contracts s tarted to be used. These were simple agreements to purchase designated goods when they arrived by ship, and they were used for centuries when shipping was the primary mode of international trade. Number of traditional regional fairs was decreasing, as transportation and communication were becoming easier and faster. Specialized market centers; called Fourse, Boerse, Beurs; were developed in Europe, the USA and Japan. In 1700, Japanese merchants stored their rice in warehouses for future use in order to assure continous supply of rice. Warehouse holders sold receipt against the stored rice. They were called as rice tickets. The tickets were used as forward contracts. In early 1800s, in Chicago, farmers were producing crop, meat, milk, etc. and carrying the products from their villages to city centers. The supply was high and the demand couldnt match enough, so that the prices stayed at low-level. Moreover, there was no enough warehouse to store excess supply. The following year s, there were years of crop failure and extreme shortages. Although Chicago was a natural hub for trade, the trading was unefficient and unorganized until a group of businessmen formed Board of Trade of the City of Chicago. The Board offered a centralized location for cash trading of a variety of goods as well as trading of forward contracts. Members served as brokers who facilitated trading in return for commissions. These standardized forwards were essentially the first modern futures contracts. HOW A COMMODITY MARKET WORKS In this section, two distinct forms of commodity markets and their characteristics, and also trading processes are held in order to explain that how commodity markets work. Moreover, two main type of investors are compared for better understanding of commodity exchanges. The two distinct forms of commodity markets are OTC (Over-the-Counter) Markets and Exchange Based Markets (Standardized Markets). Firstly, an OTC market that is also called spot market has specific, small range of commodities depending on its geographical location; since OTCs are regional markets and participants are usually local people like wholesellers, farmers, processors, etc. Participants; for example, farmers or wholesellers; cannot trade in OTCs by themselves. Instead, broker of a farmer negotiates quantity, quality and price of a commodity with broker of a buyer on behalf of the farmer. When the brokers reach an agreement, physical delivery happens generally at that time or with a minimum lag because of delivery constraints. Thus, it can be said that almost all agreements in OTCs are delivery based. In determination of price of each commodity, the supply-demand principle is valid. If supplies meet demands, prices will be low. So that, buyers gain from the transactions made with sellers. On the other hand; if demands excess supplies, prices will soar. In this circumstance, sellers are expected to enjoy with high-level margin. Although, a participant predicted that prices would decrease or increase before, he/she cannot avoid his/her losses in today, in OTC market. Because the prices have been already determined by the market (based on the principle of supply-demand), not by the participant; and the participant cannot control the prices. Secondly, commodity exchanges that are also called as standardized commodity markets have crucial role in terms of trade volume and risk hedging in the two forms of commodity markets. Majority of derivative trading takes place in commodity exchanges. For that reason, commodity exchanges are supposed to be similar to equity derivative markets in their working. Briefly, a commodity exchange performs three valuable functions. It sets rules and regulations to promote uniform practices between buyers and sellers in the market. It provides the machinery for settlement of business disputes. It instantly circulates valuable price and market information to exchange members, their customers and other interested market participants. But, how does a participant trade in a commodity exchange? There are many types of commodities that are traded in the same commodity exchange, although certain commodies are usually traded in specific markets. Each commodity is traded in its own section by future contracts and, as in OTC markets, transactions and agreements are made by brokers; instead of farmers, processors, investors, wholesellers, etc. When a participant decides to buy/sell a future contract of spefic commodity with certain amount and defined qualitydelivery time at a desired price level, the participant let his/her broker know. Then, the broker converts the participants demand into transaction on behalf of him/her. After all, the participant has a future contract with a specific characteristic. In OTCs, all participants are supposed to make physical delivery at agreed time. However in commodity exchanges, most investors sell their contracts and take cash before delivery time. It has been observed world-over that only 2% of all the trades result in actual delivery. Why do investors use future contracts if they dont will to have the commodity physically? The answer is held below Impacts of Commodity Markets on Investors detailed. Lastly, there are two types of participant in commodity exchanges. One is hedger and the other one is speculators. Hedgers are primarily comprised of businesses that actually use the commodities they are trading. The essential aim of hedgers is to fix price of th e commodity they are trading until delivery time written on the future contract and to decrease their losses to minimum level because of unforeseen fluctuations in the spot market. Farmers, mining companies, wholesalers are examples of hedgers who use futures contracts as a kind of insurance for their businesses. However, speculators use future contracts only for making profit by using fluctuations of price levels. They are not interested in taking physical delivery of commodity. Speculators watch markets closely and forecast potential decreases or increases in the future in price levels. Then, they take long position (if prices are expected to rise) or short position (if prices are expected to fall) and if their forecasts come true, they gain from transactions they made. THE LARGEST COMMODITY EXCHANGES IN WORLD In the world there are lots of commodity exchanges that have some specific features and also have some common features. We can list some commodity markets from all over the world but in this section we will emphasize three largest largests commodity markets in whole world. New York Mercantile Exchange (USA) The New York Mercantile Exchange(NYMEX) is the largest commodity futures Exchange and it is located in New York city. It has two different divisions as NYMEX and COMEX. In earlier they have been managed by different companies but in 2008 NYMEX had bougth by same company that have COMEX and now they are managed by the CME Groups. CME Groups also owns Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Chicago Board of Trade. If we look at history, we can realize that commodity exchanges began with narrow perspectives. Some of Manhattan dairy merchants got together for trade of butter and cheese under the Butter and Cheese Exchange of New York. Then they added egg to their trade transactions. In 1882 they modified and add dried fruits,canned goods and poultry in the name of New York Mercantile Exchange. COMEX is younger than NYMEX. In 1933 National Metal Exchange, Rubber Exchange of New York, National Raw Silk Exchange and New York Hide Exchange got together to established COMEX. On August 3, 1994 , the NYMEX and COMEX finally merged under the NYMEX name. In NYMEX division the commodities that are sold and bought; coal, crude oil, electricity, gasoline, heating oil, naturel gas, palladium, platinum, propane and uranium. In COMEX division the commodities that are traded; aliminum, copper, gold and silver. The board of directors of CME Groups and NYMEX is same. Because as we mentioned before NYMEX is subsidiary of CME Groups. The Chief Executive Officer is Craig S. Donohue. He has been as member of board since 2004. Terence A. Duffy has served as Executive Chairman since 2006. Mr. Charles P. Carey has served as Vice Chairman for CME Groups. These people are just three members of board of director but there are other chairmans who has significance role in company. Tokyo Commodity Exchange (Japan) The Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM) has some different features in accordence to other commodity markets. Its basic difference is being non-profit organization. It regulates trading of future contracts and option products of all commodites in Japan. The future contracts include metals (gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, palladium), oil (crude oil, kerosene, gasoline). The option is about just gold. The Tokyo Commodity Exchange was established in 1951. This date is foundation of Tokyo Textile Exchange. This organization is approved of origin of trading commodities in Japan. Tokyo Rubber Exchange , Tokyo Gold Exchange and Tokyo Textile Exchange were merged into Tokyo Commodity Exchange. Tokyo Commodity Exchanges principal business can be defined as opening and operating commodity markets necessary for dealing in futures of the commodities listed (precious metals, rubber, aluminum, oil) on the markets based on the Commodity Exchange Act. Board of directors; CEO of TOCOM is Tadashi Ezaki ,Umetaro Nagao is senior executive managing officer and also it has eight more directors in board of directors. TOCOM is giving service to their members as forum which they can access fair prices and helps them who wants to hedge risk. TOCOM is largest commodity market in Japan. In 2009, 81.2% of all commodity futures were conducted in Japan, were handled by TOCOM. The other commodity exchanges in Japan like Tokyo Grain Exchange, Central Japan Commodity Exchanges and Kansai Commodity Exchange have little impact on market. From geographic view TOCOM has significance role in Asia commodity market. It leads Asias countries in accordance to trading commodites. They modifies commodities for needs of industries and reforming its markets desing. NYSE-Euronext (EU) NYSE Euronext Inc. Euro-American incorporation that operates multiple security exchanges. Generaly as known NYSE, Euronext and NYSE Arca are included NYSE Group. This group also has non-profit organization that Self Regulatery Organization for observing securitiy trade transactions within the NYSE Group. NYSEs origin relies on 1792, in New York city 24 stockbrokers signed Buttonwood Agreement and this agreement consists of base of trade policies between investors and issuers. In 2008 . NYSE Euronext welcomed to historic American Stock Exchange in worlds largest and most liquid Exchange groups. Combination of NYSE and Euronext are accepted a milistone for financial market by financier. NYSE completed its acquisition of Archipelago Holdings via a double dummy merger in 2006. NYSE Group became a profit organization and its securities are traded publicly under NYX ticker. Merger of NYSE and Euronext occured in 2007 and this event bruoght together Euro marketplace and American mar ketplace whose histories strected eachother for long time. The purpose of this combination is creating a huge market that combine worlds largest two markets. Threre is complex history of NYSE and Euronext. First of all NASDAQ acquired Londan Stock Exchange and then Deutsch Bà ¶rse. SEC controled and regulated this mergers. Merger process has gone on step by step and nearly all Euopan exhanges market combined to NYSE-Euronext. The major NYSE Euronext locations are ; Euronext Amsterdam(Amsterdam Holland), Euronext Paris(Paris France), Euronext Lisbon(Lisbon Portagul), Euronext.liffe(London England),   NYSE Arca(Chicago,  Illinois,  United States of America), NYSE, Headquarters(New York City,  New York,  United States of America), AMEX(New York City,  New York,  United States of America), NYSE Arca (formerly  Pacific Exchange), Euronext Brussels(Brussels,  Belgium  ). Regulation of NYSE Euronext; NYSE Euronext and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority(FINRA) made an agreement on 4 May 2010 about overseeing security exchanges and enforcement fuctions of NYSE Euronext. They announced this regulation standarts for NYSE subsidairies. FINRA controls that the NYSE subsidairies operations are suitable to NYSE Euronexts regulotary subsidairy of NYSE Regulation. During the 19th century NYSEs board of director are unsalaried persons who are willing to operate NYSE and also kepin a position as insurer or issuer. In 1938 they modified Exchange and brought it to more profesional condition and they conducted a reliable and more professional board of directors. Between 2002 and 2005 the president an co-chief operating officer was Robert G. Britz and between 2006 and 2007 co-chief operating officer was Gerald G. Putnam and finally in 2008 Catherina R.Kinney is responsible for this position. If we look at chief executive officer, we will see two significance person. Once that John A. Thain was Chief executive officer between Jan.2004-Nov 2007. The otherone took over the position and have been going on this position ,Duncan L. Niederauer. NYSE Euronext has large product division. There are lots kinds of cash equites that largest cash equity market in whole world. Also it has futures ,options and bonds. IMPACTS OF COMMODITY MARKETS ON ECONOMIES INVESTORS Impacts on Economies Commodity markets is highly active and central to the global marketplace. Due to its highly competitive nature, the future market has become an important tool to determine commodity future prices and current prices with considering estimated amount of supply and demand. Prices are effected by information flow about commodities such as weather conditions or another conditions which effect the supply and demand from around the world. This kind of information and the way people absorb it constantly changes the price of a commodity. This process is known as price discovery. There is no doubt that commodity exchange is a necessity for developing and still underdeveloped countries which economy based on agriculture, species, metals, crude oil and natural gas. Countries have a chance to market our commodity this markets easily so that Financial and Capital markets will be vitality and fullness than before. Also using commodity markets provide that foreign trade will increase, developme nt of economy pick up speed. Using Commodity Exchange ensures that as follow; Contributes to economy more efficient use and distribution of sources. So provides standardization of commodities. Increases level of development of financial markets. Takes part in advanced markets and provides the integration of these markets. Increases efficiency of market and derivatives markets increase the rate of circulation of money by offering alternative investment opportunities for the money circulating in financial markets so increase liquidity of economy. Provides a realistic prices in international market conditions. Markets spread wide bases and prevented shallowness and easy manipulation affected by price movements. And this way markets operate in stability and confidence. Impacts on Investors Existing and doing business on commodity exchange, together with use of different financial derivatives bring benefits to all participants. Future contracts can be used as a means of protection. It provides protection of future price uncertainity. It largely reduce price risk when making purchases, increases liquidity of market and open a lot of space to increase and secure profit. Purpose of futures is transfer the risk from one party to another and to protect against price fluctuations. Speculation has become an important factor in these market. Consumer use futures to protect themselves against a rise in the price of commodities. On the other hand investors use future to speculate on future price changes. Theoretically the speculator assumes the price risk that the hedger is seeking to minimize. Consumer of commodity gets information about prices from the exchange, After the evaluation of price and commodity to ensure commodity over the stability price so account the costs and selling prices with less risk there is less chance of producers hiking up prices to make up for profit losses in the cash market. If produce more cheaper than foreign competitors, they can export to the world and provide foreign exchange return to the own economy. In the commodity markets it is possible to get a position with less capital. Someone who knows the market but can not get a position because of less capital take a futures and obtain high returns. And should be noted that gain can be less than losses even more than entry of contract price. RECENT TRENDS IN GLOBAL COMMODITY MARKETS In the middle of 20th century commodity markets importance have been noticed by people. Nowadays the investors,issuers and finance specialists realizes that commodity markets should be investigated and considered on it because of high expected returns. Commodity markets are very huge contents. Lots of products are trading in commodity markerts. For example as agriculture and food rice ,coffee, dried food, wheat, fruitsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ we can increase the number of product.Industry products are cotton, crude oil or as metals copper, aliminuimÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ At below we select and mention two important commodities market because of hugeness of commodities markets. AgricultureFood: World market prices of major agriculture and food have increased sharply that more than %60 in last two years. Also retail food prices are increasing all over the world. This increment depends on some circumstances like weather, transportation, demand and supplyÃÆ'  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦Some factors reflect underlying trend for supply and demand for agriculture products. Also we can say that increments of agriculture products are related to other commodity products like oil. We listed some supply factors and demand factors that result in increment of agriculture produt prices: Demand factors; increasing population ,rapid economic growth, declining demand for stocks of food commodities, rapid expansion biofuels production, aggressive purchases by importers and importer policies. Supply factors; slowing growth in agriculture products ,ascalating crude oil product, rising farm production cost, adverse weather and exporter policies. Note: Each year small percentage of agriculture land has been converted non-agriculture land. Oil commodities: Oil commodities are first formly traded and most widely energy commodities. Fluctuations in the oil markets are particular political interests. Some commodity market speculation is directl y related to the stability of certain states, e.g. during Persian Gulf War, speculation on the survival of the regime of  Saddam Hussain  in Iraq. Similar political stability concerns have from time to time driven the price of  oil. In oil market political conditions of oil countries is very important for stability and prices of oil. Middle East countries(who has huge amount of world oil) are playing a key role for prices. In oil crisis times prices are rapidly increasing as result of countries politics. Nowadays prices are increasing in all countries but with different amounts. Specialists have made some investigation about resources of oil that they assume that oil resources have life of 40-50 year. The world should find out new resources instead of oil. Accourding to this assumption we can think that when supply of commodity decrase , the price of commodity is increase.

Exploration of External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer Patients - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 808 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? In 1896, Wilhem Conrad Roentgen (a German physics professor) presented a lecture introducing the x-ray. There was immediate worldwide excitement and systems were quickly developed to utilize this new technology and within three years x-rays were being used to treat cancer. The American Cancer Society (2014) describes that it was common for early radiologists use themselves to test the strength of the radiation coming from machines. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exploration of External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer Patients" essay for you Create order They would use the skin on their arms to find a dosage that would produce a sunburn like reaction. This was called the â€Å"erythema dose† and was used as an estimate of the daily fraction to treat patients. This testing led to the discovery that radiation could cause cancer as many of these radiologists developed leukemia from the regular radiation exposure. Thankfully, methods and machines for delivering radiation therapy have continued to improve. Today there are many different techniques to delivery radiation therapy including external beam radiation, brachytherapy (internal radiation), and intraoperative radiation. The goal of radiation therapy is to treat the cancerous area while protecting healthy tissues and organs. This paper will explore the use of external beam radiation therapy for patients with breast cancer. In 2018 there will be an estimated 268,670 new cases of breast cancer – 266,120 for women and 2,550 for men (Siegel, Miller, Jemal, 2018). , Among women, this represents the largest number of new cases and the second leading cause of cancer death. According to the American Cancer Society (2017), external beam radiation is the most common type of radiation treatment for breast cancer. The American Cancer Society (2017) outlines common situations in which external beam radiation therapy is used: Following breast conserving surgery. Typically, the entire breast is treated (whole breast radiation) and a boost of radiation directed at the site where the cancer was removed. The boost is often given after the whole breast radiation treatment. Following a mastectomy with no lymph node involvement. Typically, the radiation is directed at the chest wall, mastectomy scar, and location of any drains exiting the body. If cancer was detected in lymph nodes, radiation treatment may be directed at these areas, commonly the axillary lymph nodes, supraclavicular lymph nodes, and internal mammary lymph nodes. Traditionally radiation treatment is performed five days a week for about five to six weeks. Accelerated breast irradiation is now being performed giving patients a larger dose over a shorter time. The American Cancer Society (2017) outlines these types: Hypofractionated radiation therapy – larger doses of radiation given in fewer treatments, usually for three weeks. For patients who had breast conserving surgery without cancer spread to axillary lymph nodes, results show that it is as effective in preventing cancer recurrence as treatment over five weeks and may also reduce short-term side effects. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) – a single large dose of radiation is given in the operating room following cancer removal and prior to incision closure. 3D-conformal radiotherapy – computed tomography (CT) images are used to map the tumor bed and the radiation beams are directed to this area from multiple directions sparing healthy breast tissue. Treatment is given for five days, twice a day. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a newer treatment method. It is similar to conformal radiation therapy in that it uses CT images to map and direct the radiation beams from multiple directions to the treatment area. With IMRT, the strength of the radiation beams can be adjusted in each direction. Research suggests that IMRT may reduce toxicity in patients particularly in combination with partial breast irradiation in the prone position (Buwenge, et al., 2017). Cancer of the left breast introduces the challenge of treating the area while minimizing damage to the heart from radiation exposure.Various techniques aim to do this by considering the location of the treatment area and the patient’s anatomy. IMRT can reduce the amount of radiation in the beams that pass through the heart. Prone positioning allows gravity to pull the breast away from the heart during treatment. Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) moves much of the heart out of the treatment field. DIBH has been shown to reduce the mean heart dose in patients while also decreasing the dose to the lungs (Bergom, Currey, Desai, Tai, Strauss, 2018). Another modern technique is volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and is an evolution of IMRT. With IMRT, the radiation beam is directed at a fixed number of locations with each beam having its own intensity level. VMAT allows for radiation to be delivered along the entire rotation of the machine arm and for the intensity to be adj usted at each position. It seems that the research of VMAT in treating breast cancer is limited and it is unclear when this technique would result in an advantage over established methods (Cozzi, et al., 2017). Radiation therapy to treat breast cancer as well as radiation therapy in general is an ever-evolving field. Research continues to fine-tune current strategies and develop new ones.

Sustainable Income From Offshore Sustainable Agriculture

SUSTAINABLE INCOME FROM OFFSHORE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Here at International Coffee Farms we believe that owning sustainable offshore agriculture for a long-term sustainable income is the†¦ â€Å"Opportunity of the Decade† For almost 3 years now we have been putting our money where our mouth is†¦since the summer of 2012 until April 2014 as consultants to a developing coffee farming enterprise in Colombia, and since June of 2014 as Principals in our own specialty coffee farms here in Boquete, Panama. The notion that investing in agricultural land is a very good way to diversify a risky, highly-correlated and often manipulated portfolio of paper assets in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETF’s, etc. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is no surprise to us! We have told our†¦show more content†¦We also understand that the sustainability we talk about constantly is not only economic. Sure money counts. But so does the environment and, very importantly, the people who are largely responsible for growing and producing the specialty coffee we all desperately need every morning of our lives. These are the people who produce our profits! Providing social sustainability is a critical pillar in any business model that is going to last for generations to provide a legacy income for you and your heirs. At International Coffee Farms we have set aside a full 20% of our coffee farm profits to ensure the local indigenous Panamanian Indian farmers working for us are cared for properly. That’s true social sustainability! Increased salaries, improved living and working conditions, new sanitary and laundry facilities and helping with the kid’s educational needs are but a few of the benefits we provide. This bonus pool exists so that all workers can share in the value created by turning-around poorly run existing commercial coffee farms into professionally run specialty coffee farms. We invest in our people and we believe they will return the favor by caring for our coffee. Happy farmers = Happy coffee! Our unique approach to Social Sustainability is a joint responsibility equally shared

Concept of Gender Order Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Identify and Discuss the three Separate Elements of the Gender order revealed in the Myths of Pendora's. Answer: Gender order is an interesting concept in todays world. There is no point denying the fact that with the rise of feminism, many people have raised question over the validity of the patriarchal ideology that has remained ingrained in the minds of the people for a prolonged period of time. Herein lays the importance of the concept of gender order, as found in the writings of R.W Connell who claimed that the gender order of a particular society represents the pattern of power relation existent between the men and the women in that specific society. The gendered assumptions of a society can be traced back to the mythological tales as well that has largely shaped the socially constructed patriarchal perceptions of the world, and the Greek myth Pandoras box if revisited, will bear testimony to the same. Hence, it would be discreet to discuss and critically analyze the three distinct elements of gender order as found in this mythological tale (Simons and Merrill 2014). Before analyzing the elements of gender order as identified in the myth of Pandora, it is important to re-define the concept of gender order. As defined by Jill Mathews, in 1984, the gender order is a patterned system of ideological practices performed by the individuals of a society based on the gender they are born into, and thus it emphasizes the importance of behaving in accordance of ones gender attributes. The gender order is created, re-created and sustained over the ages with the help of the mythological tales, and Pandoras tale is no exception here. First of all, the tale of Pandora clearly states how Pandora or the first woman of the world had no origin of her own, until Prometheus stole fire from God, and had to be punished. It is at this time that out of a solely male context was a woman born, with Zeus commissioning Hephaestus to fashion a woman out of earth. It is important to mention here that the Bible also refers to the first woman as being created after and out of man, and thus most of the cultural tales refuse to offer distinct existence to a woman (Rabinowitz 2013). A woman cannot be born of her own, but rather she is being given life. This way of offering a passive role to the females have helped in marginalizing women over the ages, as the weaker sex, a sex that cannot act on its own, but can be acted upon (Bryld and Lykke 2000). The gendered role imposed upon each of the sexes, even often against the wish of the individuals have been reinforced by the mythological tales like Pandoras myth that has kept on re-iterat ing the importance of men assuming an active role of a perpetrator, while the women should be left to act upon. They are to be coerced into silence, and cannot protest or revolt, and can only act when they are being commanded to do the same (Butler 2011). Pandora was being made by the men, and this simply undermines the strength of women, by at the same time negating any distinct identity to them. The women are being created or are being given authority and identity by men, and hence they must conform to the wishes of the creator. The male dominant worldview of defining a woman in relation to a man is clear here. Another element of gender order as found here s the idea of passing the blame of ay kind of wrong-doing to the weaker sex. The Bible states that the Eve was responsible for the painful miseries brought about in the world, as she was the Temptress tempting Adam to consume the forbidden Apple, and yet Adam who committed the sin with his own hands has been exempted from the blame. Similarly, in the myth of Pandora, Pandora was being given a box by Zeus, and was forbidden to open the jar. According to the myth, the world was in its happy and harmonious state until one day, Pandora failed to restrain herself and open the box that in turn brought all the ills, such as the woes and miseries in the world (Pilcher 2014). The woman-blaming mechanism has been a very common weapon being used by the patriarchal society that has believed in passing on the blame to the women. The myth of Pandora instead of showing Pandora as a giving, creative and procreative mother shows her in the light of the or igin of all the evils in the world. The archaic gynocentric worldview is reflected here. The Genesis as well as the myth of Pandora have sharply criticized the probing and questioning mind of the females, as women are to be silenced, they are not meant to reveal inquisitiveness to understand which rights remain hidden in the Pandora box (Breen 2014). The third element of gender order as found here is an inclination of a male dominating society to commodity and objectify the existence of women, treating them as a mean to achieve something rather than an end in itself. There is no point denying the fact that the myth shows Pandora as a woman created as revenge as well as a curse for the theft of Prometheus. Traditionally, women have been denied any individual identity, let alone the idea of authority, and she has been treated as a mere currency of exchange for stronger and authoritative men, who can make and mould them to suit their selfish interests (Songe-Moller 2003). Pandora is not representing the inherent beauty of Nature creation, but rather becomes a pawn of power in the struggle between the males for greater power, dominance and authority. Pandora was indeed created by Zeus for punishing the audacity of Prometheus, and she was being denied any individual authority. To conclude, it is important to mention here that the western myths replete with the images and ideas of males assuming stronger, self-reliant roles of perpetrators, while women assuming the role of innocent and passive sufferers, and yet carrying all the guilt. The gender-driven patter of power and privilege based relations shown between the sexes have filled the minds of the people of patriarchal societal values that have facilitated the acts of female oppression over the years. References Breen, M.S., 2014. Pandoras Senses: The Feminine Character of the Ancient Text. Bryld, M. and Lykke, N., 2000.Cosmodolphins: Feminist cultural studies of technology, animals, and the sacred. Zed Books. Butler, J., 2011.Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. routledge. Pilcher, J. and Whelehan, I., 2004.50 key concepts in gender studies. Sage. Rabinowitz, N.S., 2013. Ancient Myth and Feminist Politics 18.Roman Literature, Gender and Reception: Domina Illustris,13, p.267. Simons, J.L. and Merrill, R., 2014. Razing cain with chandler and wilder: The prometheus-pandora myth in double indemnity.Texas Studies in Literature and Language,56(4), pp.349-375. Songe-Mller, V., 2003.Philosophy without women: the birth of sexism in Western thought. AC Black.