Policy Issues in US Healthcare

Strategy Issues in US Healthcare Jessie E Saltersâ Strategy/ADVOCACY PROJECT The Georgia Public Policy Foundation is a 501(c) (3) non-benefit, objective examination establishment. The Foundations strategic to improve the lives of Georgians through open approaches that upgrade financial chance and opportunity. The Foundation is state orientated, autonomous, and without specific enthusiasm towards any political gathering. Georgias Public Policy Foundation directs academic examination and investigation of state open arrangement issues and work to teach residents, strategy creators and the media. A few occasions all through the state are facilitated every year to talk about issues identifying with open approach gives that influence Georgians. The current arrangement issue of criticalness that this organization is effectively trying to address is social insurance spending. As indicated by the Georgia Public Policy Foundation, (georgiapolicy.org/2016/08/manage issues-medicinal services) the administration office of responsibility non social insurance spending represents the reliable generally speaking level of our Gross Domestic Product (GDP) after some time, anyway wellbeing spending increments at a staggering rate. Assets that are spent on Social Security, guard, household programs, and so forth., barring interest cost left unattended causes impractical government deficiency spending. This kind of spending dominates other spending interests relating to instruction and transportation in this way causing medicinal services spending to strain Georgias families financial plans. Human services is mind boggling and has numerous difficulties to attempt to address overall. The Georgia Public Policy Foundations intend to address the issue is by concentrating on what they consider to be strategy gives that are misrepresentative of our medicinal services framework. The Foundation is tending to the government charge strategy, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) and inclusion for previous conditions.â The Foundation proposed to fix holes inside the bureaucratic assessment strategy by reclassifying refundable duty credits to permit unused credits to repay wellbeing net suppliers. This is thought to be the most fair approach to improve access to social insurance and furnish people with elective approaches to buy human services protection. The uncompensated consideration issues brought about by the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act would be reduced by utilization of the assessment credits. The duty credits would aid the straightforwardness between businesses gave protection versus economically bought protection. To forestall take-over by boss protection the duty credits would just be offered to workers that dont have manager protection. Previous conditions would be address by supplanting exorbitant guidelines with high-chance pools. This is valuable to people who are viewed as restoratively uninsurable dependent on certain wellbeing conditions or reasons.â The Georgia Public Policy Foundations expected reaction because of their promotion endeavors would be a sound wellbeing strategy with the qualities showing restraint Centered, Security for the Sickest, Equitable Tax Treatment, Personal Responsibility, Access for All, and Transparency. In adoration to the above current arrangement issue the article by Alan R. Weil, Coverage Expansion, Accountable Care, and the sky is the limit from there. Wellbeing Affairs 36, no.1 (2017):7 doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1607 communicated worries that are related with the above strategy issues. This article recognized medicinal services as an essential idea during the political decision year. The Affordable Care Act was considered to make Health Care available and reasonable for all. Notwithstanding, medicinal services inclusion development, responsible consideration, and inconsistencies are issues related with the Georgia Public Policy Foundation. Social insurance premiums kept on skying rocket in 2016. The medicinal services advertise is hard to quantify since protection premiums kept on changing from year to year and endorsing significantly affects costs. Premium increments depend on the costs of item offered and not items individuals really purchase. Wellbeing Affairs, (2016.1607) detailed variations in California that indicated people exchanged their protection plans to the arrangement of least expense. This thusly caused an ascent in the measure of cash paid by enrollees, more than people that were just looking for protection. Reports demonstrated 33% of people didn't got protection limits because of the absence of information or as a result of getting the protection out of the Affordable Care Act Marketplace. Medicare Shared Savings Programs utilized information that was from two years of administrations gave by responsible consideration associations (ACOs) that demonstrated racial and ethnic disparities.â New installment techniques are expected to guarantee a positive nature of human services is given and available. Cost and human services quality in the Alternative Quality Contract (AQC) was looked at among enrollees in locales of Massachusetts with lower and higher financial status which discovered abberations in process quantifies yet not in result measures. Medicare appropriations are not equivalent to the quality and enhancements as in the Alternative Quality Contract. The data contain in this article delineate and bolster the requirement for support in executing purchaser driven human services changes. This article depicts that it is so hard to accomplish human services at the neighborhood, state and government levels because of orderly and dubious contrasts that are common and are influencing our social insurance framework. The requirement for proceeded with backing at all levels is indispensable to prevailing at reviving our social insurance framework. REFERENCES Alan R. Weil, Coverage Expansion, Accountable Care, And More: Health Affairs 36, no. 1 (2017): 7 doi: 10. 1377/hlthaff.2016.1607 Manual for the Issues: Health Care: Retrieved From; http://www.georgiapolicy.org/2016/08/manage issues-medicinal services/

Free Essays on Three Faces Of Aeneas

Three Faces of Aeneas: The Gladiatorial Combat of auctores in Chaucer’s House of Fame Reliance on artistic custom built up by the printed heritage of renowned Latin creators portrayed the time of the organization of the House of Fame, one of Geoffrey Chaucer’s early works. Definitive Latin essayists auctores-furnished crafted by medieval journalists with significant ‘truths’, which added to the believability of medieval writings, however denying them of certain measure of inventiveness. Be that as it may, in approving their works by using the material delivered by auctores, medieval scholars confronted a quandary they found that the definitive artistic material that involved the significant certainties was regularly conflicting, befuddling and incorrect, as reflected in Book III of the House of Fame: â€Å"Oon seyde Omere made lyes,/feynynge in hys poetries† (ll. 1477-78). Thus, the believability of the realities and the validity of the individuals who articulated them were addressed by those mindful of the issue. The House of Fame uncovers Chaucer’s familiarity with the issue. Chaucer’s update of the Aeneas and Dido scene delineated in Book I of the House of Fame speaks to a result of the unique and clashing artistic customs built up by two legitimate mammoths of the Middle Ages, Virgil and Ovid. This correction, based on deliberately chose clashing poetical/verifiable facts of both auctores, produces another Aeneas, at the same time Virgilian and Ovidian. Aeneas of the House of Fame, I will contend, has three recognized countenances: that of a saint, a deceiver, and a survivor of hetero want. Chaucer puts his rendering of the Aeneas and Dido scene inside a fantasy vision. The decision of the type of a fantasy vision regularly brings various points of interest for the essayist. A fantasy vision permits the creator to inspect addresses that can't be considered by reason alone and that may require a visionary ... Free Essays on Three Faces Of Aeneas Free Essays on Three Faces Of Aeneas Three Faces of Aeneas: The Gladiatorial Combat of auctores in Chaucer’s House of Fame Reliance on artistic convention set up by the literary inheritance of lofty Latin creators portrayed the time of the sythesis of the House of Fame, one of Geoffrey Chaucer’s early works. Definitive Latin authors auctores-furnished crafted by medieval essayists with priceless ‘truths’, which added to the validity of medieval writings, however denying them of certain measure of creativity. Nonetheless, in approving their works by using the material delivered by auctores, medieval scholars confronted a difficulty they found that the definitive artistic material that involved the important realities was regularly opposing, confounding and off base, as reflected in Book III of the House of Fame: â€Å"Oon seyde Omere made lyes,/feynynge in hys poetries† (ll. 1477-78). Subsequently, the believability of the facts and the validity of the individuals who articulated them were addressed by those mindful of the issue. The House of Fame uncovers Chaucer’s atten tion to the issue. Chaucer’s update of the Aeneas and Dido scene delineated in Book I of the House of Fame speaks to a result of the dissimilar and clashing abstract customs set up by two legitimate monsters of the Middle Ages, Virgil and Ovid. This amendment, based on deliberately chose clashing poetical/recorded certainties of both auctores, produces another Aeneas, at the same time Virgilian and Ovidian. Aeneas of the House of Fame, I will contend, has three recognized countenances: that of a legend, a trickster, and a survivor of hetero want. Chaucer puts his rendering of the Aeneas and Dido scene inside a fantasy vision. The decision of the type of a fantasy vision regularly brings various focal points for the essayist. A fantasy vision permits the creator to inspect addresses that can't be considered by reason alone and that may require a visionary ...

The Zodiac Signs and Human Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

The Zodiac Signs and Human Behavior My conviction is that the idea of our conduct depends on space science; henceforth the explanation that individuals who share a similar zodiac sign have fundamentally the same as qualities, and once in a while a blend of individuals with certain zodiac signs can't get along or are truly perfect. At times I can tell from a person’s sign as a result of their conduct, and different preferences. Getting familiar with soothsaying and the zodiac signs causes us to get individuals and their activities. Many contend that it is occurrence, however the chances are too high to even think about being that. It was not as of recently prior that individuals began recognizing their zodiac sign with the situation of the Sun. So when an individual is asked what is his or sign, the Sun was going through on the day that individual was conceived. This can be shown on a birth outline. Our introduction to the world outlines are unique "sky maps" which mirror the nature of the specific second we drew our first breath. With that first breath, we each started our own fantastic legend's excursion through life on planet Earth. The birth places of the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto all play their own one of a kind emblematic jobs as couriers and envoys of the universe. The contention is that a few people question why the portrayal of the sign doesn't fit them. The appropriate response is that there are three sections to the birth outline: the sun, the moon, and the ascendant. The sun (quick) goes through every one of the 12 zodiac signs over the span of roughly a year. The moon (quicker) goes through every one of the 12 zodiac signs over the span of around a month, and the ascendant (quickest): goes through each of the 12 zodiac signs throughout a 24 hour day. Additionally, a birth diagram and translation or either a horoscope and similarity report can't be exact for everybody brought into the world under a particular zodiac sign except if the celestial prophet has precise data about the hour of birth, date of birth and spot of birth. Some of the time the time isn't known and a celestial prophet will utilize 12:01 P.M. which, while not as exact as it ought to be, will put one as near the objective as could be expected under the circumstances. Witho ut this data all that one finds out about one’s sign anyplace will be summed up data. Disease, for instance, is situated in the prophetic component of Water. Of the four visionary components (Fire, Earth, Air, and... ...thers so as to make your life an increasingly more joyful and advantageous excursion and a framework to check whether a match among you and another will offer you a more prominent possibility at joy dependent on the mix of your graphs. A Compatibility report or Synastry translation and Chart Wheel consolidates your outline and a mates to shape a spic and span substance (character) called relationship. The sign, the rising sign and different situations, much of the time, will be not quite the same as either your outline or your mate's diagram. This shows what qualities you will have the option to call upon in the relationship and what shortcomings to survive. A Birth Chart and Interpretation or either a Horoscope and similarity report can't be precise for everybody brought into the world under a particular Zodiac sign except if the Astrologer has exact data about the hour of birth, date of birth and spot of birth. Spot of habitation is significant in the throwing of day by day Horoscopes. Here and there the time isn't known and an Astrologer will utilize 12:01 P.M. which, while not as exact as it ought to be, will put you as near the objective as could be expected under the circumstances. Without this data all that you read about your sign anyplace will be summed up data.

Study And Analysis Of Commodity Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

A commodity market is a place in where basic, unprocessed (raw) materials and primary products are traded in exchange of money or other commodities. Our first key term is commodity in the definition. There five main categories of commodity that are traded: Grains: corn, wheat soybean, etc. Energy Products: crude oil, heating oil, gasoline, natural gas, etc. Metals: gold, silver, platinum, etc. Softs: food and manucaturing products such as cotton, coffee, etc. Livestock And second key term is market. Trading activities (buying and selling) occur in regulated markets, that are called commodity exchanges, via standardized contracts; or in OTC (Over-the-Counter) markets via physical transactions. As it appears from the explanations, commodity markets are like equity markets. However, instead of buying and selling shares, participants buy and sell commodities. There are currently 48 large commodity exchanges trading approximately 100 different types of commodity around world. Another key term, that doesnt exist in the definition, is fungibility that is the best way to understand commodity markets. Fungibility is the property of a good or a commodity whose individual units are capable of mutual substitution. For example, there is no difference between gr apes in Buca and in ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾irince. And gold, it is same in China and in Turkey. Other examples of highly fungible commodities may be crude oil, wheat, orange juice, natural gas. How does fungibility help buyers and sellers? By this way: It allows them trade huge quantities of oil, frozen orange juice, cotton, wheat without considering who, where, when produces; as long as quality of the products meet certain guideliness. Agrarian products must be in raw form; for example wheat-not flour or corn-not cornmeal. Also for perishable commodities there are some certain guidelinesses, as well. For example; orange juice must have adequate shelf life in order to be traded in commodity markets. HISTORY OF COMMODITY MARKETS According to studies, commodity markets in Sumer were known as the oldest and the primitive form of todays commodity markets. Small baked clay tokens in the shape of sheep or goats were used in trade. Sealed in clay vessels with a certain number of such tokens, with that number written on the outside, they represented a promise to deliver that number of sheep and/or goat. Moreover, a promise included time and date of delivery. So that, the clay vessels were like a modern future contracts. In ancient Greece and Rome, The Agora and The Forum were served as distributions centers for commodities brought from different edges. After the fall of these civilizations, experiences on commerce were transfered to feudal times. Merchants, craftmen, promoters arranged regional fairs at fixed times and places to sell commodities more than food like gold, silver, spices, cloth, wood, etc. With these regional fairs, the immediate predecessors of modern future contracts that to arrive contracts s tarted to be used. These were simple agreements to purchase designated goods when they arrived by ship, and they were used for centuries when shipping was the primary mode of international trade. Number of traditional regional fairs was decreasing, as transportation and communication were becoming easier and faster. Specialized market centers; called Fourse, Boerse, Beurs; were developed in Europe, the USA and Japan. In 1700, Japanese merchants stored their rice in warehouses for future use in order to assure continous supply of rice. Warehouse holders sold receipt against the stored rice. They were called as rice tickets. The tickets were used as forward contracts. In early 1800s, in Chicago, farmers were producing crop, meat, milk, etc. and carrying the products from their villages to city centers. The supply was high and the demand couldnt match enough, so that the prices stayed at low-level. Moreover, there was no enough warehouse to store excess supply. The following year s, there were years of crop failure and extreme shortages. Although Chicago was a natural hub for trade, the trading was unefficient and unorganized until a group of businessmen formed Board of Trade of the City of Chicago. The Board offered a centralized location for cash trading of a variety of goods as well as trading of forward contracts. Members served as brokers who facilitated trading in return for commissions. These standardized forwards were essentially the first modern futures contracts. HOW A COMMODITY MARKET WORKS In this section, two distinct forms of commodity markets and their characteristics, and also trading processes are held in order to explain that how commodity markets work. Moreover, two main type of investors are compared for better understanding of commodity exchanges. The two distinct forms of commodity markets are OTC (Over-the-Counter) Markets and Exchange Based Markets (Standardized Markets). Firstly, an OTC market that is also called spot market has specific, small range of commodities depending on its geographical location; since OTCs are regional markets and participants are usually local people like wholesellers, farmers, processors, etc. Participants; for example, farmers or wholesellers; cannot trade in OTCs by themselves. Instead, broker of a farmer negotiates quantity, quality and price of a commodity with broker of a buyer on behalf of the farmer. When the brokers reach an agreement, physical delivery happens generally at that time or with a minimum lag because of delivery constraints. Thus, it can be said that almost all agreements in OTCs are delivery based. In determination of price of each commodity, the supply-demand principle is valid. If supplies meet demands, prices will be low. So that, buyers gain from the transactions made with sellers. On the other hand; if demands excess supplies, prices will soar. In this circumstance, sellers are expected to enjoy with high-level margin. Although, a participant predicted that prices would decrease or increase before, he/she cannot avoid his/her losses in today, in OTC market. Because the prices have been already determined by the market (based on the principle of supply-demand), not by the participant; and the participant cannot control the prices. Secondly, commodity exchanges that are also called as standardized commodity markets have crucial role in terms of trade volume and risk hedging in the two forms of commodity markets. Majority of derivative trading takes place in commodity exchanges. For that reason, commodity exchanges are supposed to be similar to equity derivative markets in their working. Briefly, a commodity exchange performs three valuable functions. It sets rules and regulations to promote uniform practices between buyers and sellers in the market. It provides the machinery for settlement of business disputes. It instantly circulates valuable price and market information to exchange members, their customers and other interested market participants. But, how does a participant trade in a commodity exchange? There are many types of commodities that are traded in the same commodity exchange, although certain commodies are usually traded in specific markets. Each commodity is traded in its own section by future contracts and, as in OTC markets, transactions and agreements are made by brokers; instead of farmers, processors, investors, wholesellers, etc. When a participant decides to buy/sell a future contract of spefic commodity with certain amount and defined qualitydelivery time at a desired price level, the participant let his/her broker know. Then, the broker converts the participants demand into transaction on behalf of him/her. After all, the participant has a future contract with a specific characteristic. In OTCs, all participants are supposed to make physical delivery at agreed time. However in commodity exchanges, most investors sell their contracts and take cash before delivery time. It has been observed world-over that only 2% of all the trades result in actual delivery. Why do investors use future contracts if they dont will to have the commodity physically? The answer is held below Impacts of Commodity Markets on Investors detailed. Lastly, there are two types of participant in commodity exchanges. One is hedger and the other one is speculators. Hedgers are primarily comprised of businesses that actually use the commodities they are trading. The essential aim of hedgers is to fix price of th e commodity they are trading until delivery time written on the future contract and to decrease their losses to minimum level because of unforeseen fluctuations in the spot market. Farmers, mining companies, wholesalers are examples of hedgers who use futures contracts as a kind of insurance for their businesses. However, speculators use future contracts only for making profit by using fluctuations of price levels. They are not interested in taking physical delivery of commodity. Speculators watch markets closely and forecast potential decreases or increases in the future in price levels. Then, they take long position (if prices are expected to rise) or short position (if prices are expected to fall) and if their forecasts come true, they gain from transactions they made. THE LARGEST COMMODITY EXCHANGES IN WORLD In the world there are lots of commodity exchanges that have some specific features and also have some common features. We can list some commodity markets from all over the world but in this section we will emphasize three largest largests commodity markets in whole world. New York Mercantile Exchange (USA) The New York Mercantile Exchange(NYMEX) is the largest commodity futures Exchange and it is located in New York city. It has two different divisions as NYMEX and COMEX. In earlier they have been managed by different companies but in 2008 NYMEX had bougth by same company that have COMEX and now they are managed by the CME Groups. CME Groups also owns Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Chicago Board of Trade. If we look at history, we can realize that commodity exchanges began with narrow perspectives. Some of Manhattan dairy merchants got together for trade of butter and cheese under the Butter and Cheese Exchange of New York. Then they added egg to their trade transactions. In 1882 they modified and add dried fruits,canned goods and poultry in the name of New York Mercantile Exchange. COMEX is younger than NYMEX. In 1933 National Metal Exchange, Rubber Exchange of New York, National Raw Silk Exchange and New York Hide Exchange got together to established COMEX. On August 3, 1994 , the NYMEX and COMEX finally merged under the NYMEX name. In NYMEX division the commodities that are sold and bought; coal, crude oil, electricity, gasoline, heating oil, naturel gas, palladium, platinum, propane and uranium. In COMEX division the commodities that are traded; aliminum, copper, gold and silver. The board of directors of CME Groups and NYMEX is same. Because as we mentioned before NYMEX is subsidiary of CME Groups. The Chief Executive Officer is Craig S. Donohue. He has been as member of board since 2004. Terence A. Duffy has served as Executive Chairman since 2006. Mr. Charles P. Carey has served as Vice Chairman for CME Groups. These people are just three members of board of director but there are other chairmans who has significance role in company. Tokyo Commodity Exchange (Japan) The Tokyo Commodity Exchange (TOCOM) has some different features in accordence to other commodity markets. Its basic difference is being non-profit organization. It regulates trading of future contracts and option products of all commodites in Japan. The future contracts include metals (gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, palladium), oil (crude oil, kerosene, gasoline). The option is about just gold. The Tokyo Commodity Exchange was established in 1951. This date is foundation of Tokyo Textile Exchange. This organization is approved of origin of trading commodities in Japan. Tokyo Rubber Exchange , Tokyo Gold Exchange and Tokyo Textile Exchange were merged into Tokyo Commodity Exchange. Tokyo Commodity Exchanges principal business can be defined as opening and operating commodity markets necessary for dealing in futures of the commodities listed (precious metals, rubber, aluminum, oil) on the markets based on the Commodity Exchange Act. Board of directors; CEO of TOCOM is Tadashi Ezaki ,Umetaro Nagao is senior executive managing officer and also it has eight more directors in board of directors. TOCOM is giving service to their members as forum which they can access fair prices and helps them who wants to hedge risk. TOCOM is largest commodity market in Japan. In 2009, 81.2% of all commodity futures were conducted in Japan, were handled by TOCOM. The other commodity exchanges in Japan like Tokyo Grain Exchange, Central Japan Commodity Exchanges and Kansai Commodity Exchange have little impact on market. From geographic view TOCOM has significance role in Asia commodity market. It leads Asias countries in accordance to trading commodites. They modifies commodities for needs of industries and reforming its markets desing. NYSE-Euronext (EU) NYSE Euronext Inc. Euro-American incorporation that operates multiple security exchanges. Generaly as known NYSE, Euronext and NYSE Arca are included NYSE Group. This group also has non-profit organization that Self Regulatery Organization for observing securitiy trade transactions within the NYSE Group. NYSEs origin relies on 1792, in New York city 24 stockbrokers signed Buttonwood Agreement and this agreement consists of base of trade policies between investors and issuers. In 2008 . NYSE Euronext welcomed to historic American Stock Exchange in worlds largest and most liquid Exchange groups. Combination of NYSE and Euronext are accepted a milistone for financial market by financier. NYSE completed its acquisition of Archipelago Holdings via a double dummy merger in 2006. NYSE Group became a profit organization and its securities are traded publicly under NYX ticker. Merger of NYSE and Euronext occured in 2007 and this event bruoght together Euro marketplace and American mar ketplace whose histories strected eachother for long time. The purpose of this combination is creating a huge market that combine worlds largest two markets. Threre is complex history of NYSE and Euronext. First of all NASDAQ acquired Londan Stock Exchange and then Deutsch Bà ¶rse. SEC controled and regulated this mergers. Merger process has gone on step by step and nearly all Euopan exhanges market combined to NYSE-Euronext. The major NYSE Euronext locations are ; Euronext Amsterdam(Amsterdam Holland), Euronext Paris(Paris France), Euronext Lisbon(Lisbon Portagul), Euronext.liffe(London England),   NYSE Arca(Chicago,  Illinois,  United States of America), NYSE, Headquarters(New York City,  New York,  United States of America), AMEX(New York City,  New York,  United States of America), NYSE Arca (formerly  Pacific Exchange), Euronext Brussels(Brussels,  Belgium  ). Regulation of NYSE Euronext; NYSE Euronext and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority(FINRA) made an agreement on 4 May 2010 about overseeing security exchanges and enforcement fuctions of NYSE Euronext. They announced this regulation standarts for NYSE subsidairies. FINRA controls that the NYSE subsidairies operations are suitable to NYSE Euronexts regulotary subsidairy of NYSE Regulation. During the 19th century NYSEs board of director are unsalaried persons who are willing to operate NYSE and also kepin a position as insurer or issuer. In 1938 they modified Exchange and brought it to more profesional condition and they conducted a reliable and more professional board of directors. Between 2002 and 2005 the president an co-chief operating officer was Robert G. Britz and between 2006 and 2007 co-chief operating officer was Gerald G. Putnam and finally in 2008 Catherina R.Kinney is responsible for this position. If we look at chief executive officer, we will see two significance person. Once that John A. Thain was Chief executive officer between Jan.2004-Nov 2007. The otherone took over the position and have been going on this position ,Duncan L. Niederauer. NYSE Euronext has large product division. There are lots kinds of cash equites that largest cash equity market in whole world. Also it has futures ,options and bonds. IMPACTS OF COMMODITY MARKETS ON ECONOMIES INVESTORS Impacts on Economies Commodity markets is highly active and central to the global marketplace. Due to its highly competitive nature, the future market has become an important tool to determine commodity future prices and current prices with considering estimated amount of supply and demand. Prices are effected by information flow about commodities such as weather conditions or another conditions which effect the supply and demand from around the world. This kind of information and the way people absorb it constantly changes the price of a commodity. This process is known as price discovery. There is no doubt that commodity exchange is a necessity for developing and still underdeveloped countries which economy based on agriculture, species, metals, crude oil and natural gas. Countries have a chance to market our commodity this markets easily so that Financial and Capital markets will be vitality and fullness than before. Also using commodity markets provide that foreign trade will increase, developme nt of economy pick up speed. Using Commodity Exchange ensures that as follow; Contributes to economy more efficient use and distribution of sources. So provides standardization of commodities. Increases level of development of financial markets. Takes part in advanced markets and provides the integration of these markets. Increases efficiency of market and derivatives markets increase the rate of circulation of money by offering alternative investment opportunities for the money circulating in financial markets so increase liquidity of economy. Provides a realistic prices in international market conditions. Markets spread wide bases and prevented shallowness and easy manipulation affected by price movements. And this way markets operate in stability and confidence. Impacts on Investors Existing and doing business on commodity exchange, together with use of different financial derivatives bring benefits to all participants. Future contracts can be used as a means of protection. It provides protection of future price uncertainity. It largely reduce price risk when making purchases, increases liquidity of market and open a lot of space to increase and secure profit. Purpose of futures is transfer the risk from one party to another and to protect against price fluctuations. Speculation has become an important factor in these market. Consumer use futures to protect themselves against a rise in the price of commodities. On the other hand investors use future to speculate on future price changes. Theoretically the speculator assumes the price risk that the hedger is seeking to minimize. Consumer of commodity gets information about prices from the exchange, After the evaluation of price and commodity to ensure commodity over the stability price so account the costs and selling prices with less risk there is less chance of producers hiking up prices to make up for profit losses in the cash market. If produce more cheaper than foreign competitors, they can export to the world and provide foreign exchange return to the own economy. In the commodity markets it is possible to get a position with less capital. Someone who knows the market but can not get a position because of less capital take a futures and obtain high returns. And should be noted that gain can be less than losses even more than entry of contract price. RECENT TRENDS IN GLOBAL COMMODITY MARKETS In the middle of 20th century commodity markets importance have been noticed by people. Nowadays the investors,issuers and finance specialists realizes that commodity markets should be investigated and considered on it because of high expected returns. Commodity markets are very huge contents. Lots of products are trading in commodity markerts. For example as agriculture and food rice ,coffee, dried food, wheat, fruitsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ we can increase the number of product.Industry products are cotton, crude oil or as metals copper, aliminuimÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ At below we select and mention two important commodities market because of hugeness of commodities markets. AgricultureFood: World market prices of major agriculture and food have increased sharply that more than %60 in last two years. Also retail food prices are increasing all over the world. This increment depends on some circumstances like weather, transportation, demand and supplyÃÆ'  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦Some factors reflect underlying trend for supply and demand for agriculture products. Also we can say that increments of agriculture products are related to other commodity products like oil. We listed some supply factors and demand factors that result in increment of agriculture produt prices: Demand factors; increasing population ,rapid economic growth, declining demand for stocks of food commodities, rapid expansion biofuels production, aggressive purchases by importers and importer policies. Supply factors; slowing growth in agriculture products ,ascalating crude oil product, rising farm production cost, adverse weather and exporter policies. Note: Each year small percentage of agriculture land has been converted non-agriculture land. Oil commodities: Oil commodities are first formly traded and most widely energy commodities. Fluctuations in the oil markets are particular political interests. Some commodity market speculation is directl y related to the stability of certain states, e.g. during Persian Gulf War, speculation on the survival of the regime of  Saddam Hussain  in Iraq. Similar political stability concerns have from time to time driven the price of  oil. In oil market political conditions of oil countries is very important for stability and prices of oil. Middle East countries(who has huge amount of world oil) are playing a key role for prices. In oil crisis times prices are rapidly increasing as result of countries politics. Nowadays prices are increasing in all countries but with different amounts. Specialists have made some investigation about resources of oil that they assume that oil resources have life of 40-50 year. The world should find out new resources instead of oil. Accourding to this assumption we can think that when supply of commodity decrase , the price of commodity is increase.

Exploration of External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer Patients - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 808 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? In 1896, Wilhem Conrad Roentgen (a German physics professor) presented a lecture introducing the x-ray. There was immediate worldwide excitement and systems were quickly developed to utilize this new technology and within three years x-rays were being used to treat cancer. The American Cancer Society (2014) describes that it was common for early radiologists use themselves to test the strength of the radiation coming from machines. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exploration of External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer Patients" essay for you Create order They would use the skin on their arms to find a dosage that would produce a sunburn like reaction. This was called the â€Å"erythema dose† and was used as an estimate of the daily fraction to treat patients. This testing led to the discovery that radiation could cause cancer as many of these radiologists developed leukemia from the regular radiation exposure. Thankfully, methods and machines for delivering radiation therapy have continued to improve. Today there are many different techniques to delivery radiation therapy including external beam radiation, brachytherapy (internal radiation), and intraoperative radiation. The goal of radiation therapy is to treat the cancerous area while protecting healthy tissues and organs. This paper will explore the use of external beam radiation therapy for patients with breast cancer. In 2018 there will be an estimated 268,670 new cases of breast cancer – 266,120 for women and 2,550 for men (Siegel, Miller, Jemal, 2018). , Among women, this represents the largest number of new cases and the second leading cause of cancer death. According to the American Cancer Society (2017), external beam radiation is the most common type of radiation treatment for breast cancer. The American Cancer Society (2017) outlines common situations in which external beam radiation therapy is used: Following breast conserving surgery. Typically, the entire breast is treated (whole breast radiation) and a boost of radiation directed at the site where the cancer was removed. The boost is often given after the whole breast radiation treatment. Following a mastectomy with no lymph node involvement. Typically, the radiation is directed at the chest wall, mastectomy scar, and location of any drains exiting the body. If cancer was detected in lymph nodes, radiation treatment may be directed at these areas, commonly the axillary lymph nodes, supraclavicular lymph nodes, and internal mammary lymph nodes. Traditionally radiation treatment is performed five days a week for about five to six weeks. Accelerated breast irradiation is now being performed giving patients a larger dose over a shorter time. The American Cancer Society (2017) outlines these types: Hypofractionated radiation therapy – larger doses of radiation given in fewer treatments, usually for three weeks. For patients who had breast conserving surgery without cancer spread to axillary lymph nodes, results show that it is as effective in preventing cancer recurrence as treatment over five weeks and may also reduce short-term side effects. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) – a single large dose of radiation is given in the operating room following cancer removal and prior to incision closure. 3D-conformal radiotherapy – computed tomography (CT) images are used to map the tumor bed and the radiation beams are directed to this area from multiple directions sparing healthy breast tissue. Treatment is given for five days, twice a day. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a newer treatment method. It is similar to conformal radiation therapy in that it uses CT images to map and direct the radiation beams from multiple directions to the treatment area. With IMRT, the strength of the radiation beams can be adjusted in each direction. Research suggests that IMRT may reduce toxicity in patients particularly in combination with partial breast irradiation in the prone position (Buwenge, et al., 2017). Cancer of the left breast introduces the challenge of treating the area while minimizing damage to the heart from radiation exposure.Various techniques aim to do this by considering the location of the treatment area and the patient’s anatomy. IMRT can reduce the amount of radiation in the beams that pass through the heart. Prone positioning allows gravity to pull the breast away from the heart during treatment. Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) moves much of the heart out of the treatment field. DIBH has been shown to reduce the mean heart dose in patients while also decreasing the dose to the lungs (Bergom, Currey, Desai, Tai, Strauss, 2018). Another modern technique is volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and is an evolution of IMRT. With IMRT, the radiation beam is directed at a fixed number of locations with each beam having its own intensity level. VMAT allows for radiation to be delivered along the entire rotation of the machine arm and for the intensity to be adj usted at each position. It seems that the research of VMAT in treating breast cancer is limited and it is unclear when this technique would result in an advantage over established methods (Cozzi, et al., 2017). Radiation therapy to treat breast cancer as well as radiation therapy in general is an ever-evolving field. Research continues to fine-tune current strategies and develop new ones.

Sustainable Income From Offshore Sustainable Agriculture

SUSTAINABLE INCOME FROM OFFSHORE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Here at International Coffee Farms we believe that owning sustainable offshore agriculture for a long-term sustainable income is the†¦ â€Å"Opportunity of the Decade† For almost 3 years now we have been putting our money where our mouth is†¦since the summer of 2012 until April 2014 as consultants to a developing coffee farming enterprise in Colombia, and since June of 2014 as Principals in our own specialty coffee farms here in Boquete, Panama. The notion that investing in agricultural land is a very good way to diversify a risky, highly-correlated and often manipulated portfolio of paper assets in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETF’s, etc. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is no surprise to us! We have told our†¦show more content†¦We also understand that the sustainability we talk about constantly is not only economic. Sure money counts. But so does the environment and, very importantly, the people who are largely responsible for growing and producing the specialty coffee we all desperately need every morning of our lives. These are the people who produce our profits! Providing social sustainability is a critical pillar in any business model that is going to last for generations to provide a legacy income for you and your heirs. At International Coffee Farms we have set aside a full 20% of our coffee farm profits to ensure the local indigenous Panamanian Indian farmers working for us are cared for properly. That’s true social sustainability! Increased salaries, improved living and working conditions, new sanitary and laundry facilities and helping with the kid’s educational needs are but a few of the benefits we provide. This bonus pool exists so that all workers can share in the value created by turning-around poorly run existing commercial coffee farms into professionally run specialty coffee farms. We invest in our people and we believe they will return the favor by caring for our coffee. Happy farmers = Happy coffee! Our unique approach to Social Sustainability is a joint responsibility equally shared

Concept of Gender Order Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Identify and Discuss the three Separate Elements of the Gender order revealed in the Myths of Pendora's. Answer: Gender order is an interesting concept in todays world. There is no point denying the fact that with the rise of feminism, many people have raised question over the validity of the patriarchal ideology that has remained ingrained in the minds of the people for a prolonged period of time. Herein lays the importance of the concept of gender order, as found in the writings of R.W Connell who claimed that the gender order of a particular society represents the pattern of power relation existent between the men and the women in that specific society. The gendered assumptions of a society can be traced back to the mythological tales as well that has largely shaped the socially constructed patriarchal perceptions of the world, and the Greek myth Pandoras box if revisited, will bear testimony to the same. Hence, it would be discreet to discuss and critically analyze the three distinct elements of gender order as found in this mythological tale (Simons and Merrill 2014). Before analyzing the elements of gender order as identified in the myth of Pandora, it is important to re-define the concept of gender order. As defined by Jill Mathews, in 1984, the gender order is a patterned system of ideological practices performed by the individuals of a society based on the gender they are born into, and thus it emphasizes the importance of behaving in accordance of ones gender attributes. The gender order is created, re-created and sustained over the ages with the help of the mythological tales, and Pandoras tale is no exception here. First of all, the tale of Pandora clearly states how Pandora or the first woman of the world had no origin of her own, until Prometheus stole fire from God, and had to be punished. It is at this time that out of a solely male context was a woman born, with Zeus commissioning Hephaestus to fashion a woman out of earth. It is important to mention here that the Bible also refers to the first woman as being created after and out of man, and thus most of the cultural tales refuse to offer distinct existence to a woman (Rabinowitz 2013). A woman cannot be born of her own, but rather she is being given life. This way of offering a passive role to the females have helped in marginalizing women over the ages, as the weaker sex, a sex that cannot act on its own, but can be acted upon (Bryld and Lykke 2000). The gendered role imposed upon each of the sexes, even often against the wish of the individuals have been reinforced by the mythological tales like Pandoras myth that has kept on re-iterat ing the importance of men assuming an active role of a perpetrator, while the women should be left to act upon. They are to be coerced into silence, and cannot protest or revolt, and can only act when they are being commanded to do the same (Butler 2011). Pandora was being made by the men, and this simply undermines the strength of women, by at the same time negating any distinct identity to them. The women are being created or are being given authority and identity by men, and hence they must conform to the wishes of the creator. The male dominant worldview of defining a woman in relation to a man is clear here. Another element of gender order as found here s the idea of passing the blame of ay kind of wrong-doing to the weaker sex. The Bible states that the Eve was responsible for the painful miseries brought about in the world, as she was the Temptress tempting Adam to consume the forbidden Apple, and yet Adam who committed the sin with his own hands has been exempted from the blame. Similarly, in the myth of Pandora, Pandora was being given a box by Zeus, and was forbidden to open the jar. According to the myth, the world was in its happy and harmonious state until one day, Pandora failed to restrain herself and open the box that in turn brought all the ills, such as the woes and miseries in the world (Pilcher 2014). The woman-blaming mechanism has been a very common weapon being used by the patriarchal society that has believed in passing on the blame to the women. The myth of Pandora instead of showing Pandora as a giving, creative and procreative mother shows her in the light of the or igin of all the evils in the world. The archaic gynocentric worldview is reflected here. The Genesis as well as the myth of Pandora have sharply criticized the probing and questioning mind of the females, as women are to be silenced, they are not meant to reveal inquisitiveness to understand which rights remain hidden in the Pandora box (Breen 2014). The third element of gender order as found here is an inclination of a male dominating society to commodity and objectify the existence of women, treating them as a mean to achieve something rather than an end in itself. There is no point denying the fact that the myth shows Pandora as a woman created as revenge as well as a curse for the theft of Prometheus. Traditionally, women have been denied any individual identity, let alone the idea of authority, and she has been treated as a mere currency of exchange for stronger and authoritative men, who can make and mould them to suit their selfish interests (Songe-Moller 2003). Pandora is not representing the inherent beauty of Nature creation, but rather becomes a pawn of power in the struggle between the males for greater power, dominance and authority. Pandora was indeed created by Zeus for punishing the audacity of Prometheus, and she was being denied any individual authority. To conclude, it is important to mention here that the western myths replete with the images and ideas of males assuming stronger, self-reliant roles of perpetrators, while women assuming the role of innocent and passive sufferers, and yet carrying all the guilt. The gender-driven patter of power and privilege based relations shown between the sexes have filled the minds of the people of patriarchal societal values that have facilitated the acts of female oppression over the years. References Breen, M.S., 2014. Pandoras Senses: The Feminine Character of the Ancient Text. Bryld, M. and Lykke, N., 2000.Cosmodolphins: Feminist cultural studies of technology, animals, and the sacred. Zed Books. Butler, J., 2011.Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. routledge. Pilcher, J. and Whelehan, I., 2004.50 key concepts in gender studies. Sage. Rabinowitz, N.S., 2013. Ancient Myth and Feminist Politics 18.Roman Literature, Gender and Reception: Domina Illustris,13, p.267. Simons, J.L. and Merrill, R., 2014. Razing cain with chandler and wilder: The prometheus-pandora myth in double indemnity.Texas Studies in Literature and Language,56(4), pp.349-375. Songe-Mller, V., 2003.Philosophy without women: the birth of sexism in Western thought. AC Black.

When the Curtain Goes Up free essay sample

When the Curtain Goes Up I was probably 8 years old. And now as I stood behind the curtain the weeks of preparation finally made sense. The hairspray coma and the fury of lipstick made sense. The changing and re-sizing of my â€Å"oh so adorable† gun holsters that swayed in time with my frayed cowgirl skirt when we did the coveted gun twirl†¦ All. Made. Sense. â€Å"Two minutes to stage!† The syllables bellowed from stage manager to stage manager in the backstage while we were shuffled into our places. â€Å"What if I mess up?† I had asked my mom on the car ride to the show. â€Å"No matter how you do tonight daddy we’ll still be very proud of you,† she had said. Those words had to be in a parent handbook somewhere. â€Å"One minute to stage!† Now my stomach was churning at a supersonic speed. The Voorhees Theatre Company’s production of Annie Get Your Gun seemed to be the cornerstone of my young life. We will write a custom essay sample on When the Curtain Goes Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The crawling in my stomach got stronger with. All the cowgirls had been arranged in a semi circle around Annie. The instructions seemed simple, but now with the curtain about to rise I wasn’t so sure. When Annie exited from stage left, the first cowgirl was to kick her toy gun up with her right heel and swing it with her left arm onto her shoulder. One swift movement. And this would continue until the end of the semi circle, passing from cowgirl to cowgirl. Of course I had been placed dead center because of my overactive pituitary gland. â€Å"30 seconds to stage! Good luck girls!† I stood dead center stage with my stomach bugs and my cowgirl fray and the confidence I had over weeks of rehearsal melted off of my body. The cowgirl on the left and on the right, they might be fine. But me, I was terrified. But then something happened. The glow of camcorders and the opening notes of the song told my feet what to do. My head was still around the corner, but as my body moved with the music my confidence began to build back up. â€Å"GO ALEXA!† my dad yelled from the back of the auditorium, treating my show like a basketball game, just a little quieter. Usually the embarrassment would have crippled me, but my feet liked the compliment and went a little faster. When the gun twirl began, it wasn’t a question of whether or not I could do it, or if left cowgirl or right cowgirl could; it was a question of if this cowgirl could. And when left cowgirl got nervous and was unable to make her swift kick, this cowgirl kept on going. Because when the curtain we nt up on my face the nerves turned into grace. The weeks of rehearsal, choppy and annoying, and sometimes ending in tears, were converted into movement that swayed with ease from limb to limb. The words to â€Å"show business† were mechanical in my mouth, later but at the same time, left a magical aftertaste making me hungry for me. When the curtain went up, I wasn’t Alexa anymore; I was that little cowgirl dancer. The lipstick and the hairspray and the fray all formed into one single cowgirl. To me, acting isn’t just a hobby; it isn’t a way to kill time. Acting liberated me from the girl I once was into the women I am today. The all night rehearsals, the memorization, the commitment. Not only have I learned to organize myself, but I have learned to value every second I get to do what I love. That gun twirl has followed me throughout my life, proving to me that I can handle a little bit of mayhem if it’s thrown at me; that being scared of my next move won’t move me forward. When the curtain went up on me that first time it taught me that a stage without me on it, well that just wouldn’t make sense. That 8 year old girl only six years of dance and some fray to cling onto, she has grown up to see that life without a little drama isn’t a life she wants at all. When the curtain went up on that little girl and the lights bore into skin she realized that all she’s ever wanted was on that stage with her.

Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre essays

Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre essays Jean-Paul Sartre has been viewed as both a feminist supporter and a misogynist in his philosophies. In this paper I will argue that Sartre is a supporter of feminism and should be read as such, though examples that he uses of bad faith can and should be read critically. I will show this first by defining a conceptual forefather, and then someone who we should read as a critical/combative critique. Next I will explain Sartres philosophies, including his belief of bad faith. Finally I will address the example that he uses of bad faith that should be critically read (reword). As Linda Singer defines in Erotic Welfare, a conceptual forefather is someone in the history of philosophy who displayed belief in the concepts of feminism before the rise of the feminist movement. It is these views that comprise the foundation of feminism today. This way of reading philosophy is in part done to show that others have already addressed some of what feminists are trying to do today throughout history. (Singer, 168) The other type of reading that Singer talks about is critical/combative critiques. She explains this as reading with the purpose of challenging what the history of philosophy has had to say about women. The history of philosophy is shown to be largely in the self-interest of men, constructing women as inferior, as well as to try to justify an indefensible logic of male privilege by embedding it in codes that lend to these prejudices that force of philosophical legitimacy and authority (Singer, 170). These critiques argue against the ideas of past philosophers that degrade and demoralize women. This helps us to know what needs to be changed, what views need to be revised so that we can have an equal society. Jean-Paul Sartre was an existentialist, which means he believed in existence prior to essence. He was also an atheist, so he did not believe in God. In Sartre&a...

How to Choose a Content Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Choose a Content Management System - Essay Example Overcomplicated, end-to-end packages can as much as quintuple site operational costs over human labor alternatives. Unfortunately, the breadth of many vendors' all too-inclusive 'silver-bullet solution' vision has left these companies struggling with platform lock-in, overengineered site infrastructures, exorbitant technical maintenance costs, and per-business-user costs averaging as much as $25,000 per year." Investing in this technology is not cheap; an enterprise-wide system such as Interwoven can cost over $300,0005 to purchase. Open-source solutions such as Zope may save on license fees but will have development and maintenance costs too. Common problems include overspending on the platform, poorly implemented search solutions6 and manually updating content - all of which undermines ROI and TCO. WebSideStory's paper addresses a real training need by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches to CMS implementation and identifying how to leverage the technology to add value to the business. The paper is positioned to inform and persuade the reader that internet-based subscription CMS will prove to have the lowest TCO and ROI of any of the 4 approaches for implementing CMS (manual, automated, subscription o

Our Different Generations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our Different Generations - Research Paper Example ) and North Korea (No, Kim Jong Il was not their supreme leader ever since) who wished that they could crush us and take over the world with their socialist ways. America protected the world back then. That's why we got involved in Vietnam. We were the world police, we've always tried to play referee between warring nations and back then, aside from Vietnam and their likes, they usually listened to us and quit fighting before we had to send troops in to stop the playground fights. Life was easy for us back then. Our economy was swinging and money was not a problem. Well, I did still have to find a part time job after school because my parents kept me on a specific allowance and credit cards were not in prevalence then. So I worked at the local mom and pop grocer bagging goods. Just like you go to the local 7-11 after school to work there part time. But back then, America was safer and we did not have a fear of being held up at gun point at our place of work like you kids do in the 20 00's. Back then John F. Kennedy was our idealistic president who believed that America needed to provide more equality to the blacks in the country. You see, at the time the schools were not racially integrated and there were separate facilities, seats, and the like for the blacks and whites in the communities. In fact, you would never have seen a black family in a white community and vice-versa then. But JFK as we called him, and his brother Robert, the attorney general at the time, they both put a stop to that practice. It's because of those two men that it became alright for black and white people to become friends and share a friendly conversation with each other. If those forward thinking brothers did not exist, you would not have Dzwayne for a best friend now. Our society simply would not have allowed it. During the 1960's, the parents and relatives of our friends were like our own mom and dad too. Since nobody has social networking and cellular phones then, we actually had to walk up to the front door of our friends homes and politely ask our friend's mom or dad if our friend was home and if we could come to visit or if he could come out to play. Normally, our parents would also be friends and we would even share a Sunday family picnic with them whenever we could. You don't see that anymore today. I can't understand why you kids try to do your best to avoid dealing with your own or your friend's parents. Do they carry some sort of transmittable disease or something? I just don't get it. Why don't you kids like to play in the great outdoors anymore? The Vitamin D would do you a lot of good. My generation grew up healthy and strong because we did all our playing outdoors We had the after school baseball league, the skating rinks, and dance halls that we frequented over the weekend. We had great fun socializing in person and trying to start new trends in dress and lingo. These days, you kids do everything on the computer. You don't even see each other that often anymore. If you did not have to attend actual school, I doubt your parents would ever get you out of the house to meet people. I wish there was something I could do to tear you away from your game console, your pocket game console, your mobile phone, your Ipod, and whatever else gadget it is that you carry in that heavy back pack of yours. You don't even know what a book looks

Augustus de Morgan and George Boole s Contribution to Digital Electronics Essay Example for Free

Augustus de Morgan and George Boole s Contribution to Digital Electronics Essay Augustus De Morgan English mathematician and logician, was born in June 1806, at Madura, in the Madras presidency. His father, Colonel John De Morgan, was employed in the East India Companys service, and his grand father and great-grandfather had served under Warren Hastings. On the mothers side he was descended from JamesDodson,F. R. S. , author of the Anti-logarithmic Canon and other mathematical works of merit, and a friend of Abraham Demoivre. Seven months after the birth of Augustus, Colonel De Morgan brought his wife, daughter and infant son to England, where he left them during a subsequent period of service in India, dying in 1816 on his way home. Augustus De Morgan received his early education in several private schools, and before the age of fourteen years had learned Latin, Greek and some Hebrew, in addition to acquiring much general knowledge. At the age of sixteen years and a half he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and studied mathematics, partly under the tuition of Sir G.  B. Airy. In 1825 he gained a Trinity scholarship. De Morgans love of wide reading somewhat interfered with his success in the mathematical tripos, in which he took the fourth place in 1827. He was prevented from taking his M. A. degree, or from obtaining a fellowship, by his conscientious objection to signing the theological tests then required from masters of arts and fellows at Cambridge. As a teacher of mathematics De Morgan was unrivalled. He gave instruction in the form of continuous lectures delivered extempore from brief notes. The most prolonged mathematical reasoning, and the most intricate formulae, were given with almost infallible accuracy from the resources of his extraordinary memory. De Morgans writings, however excellent, give little idea of the perspicuity and elegance of his viva voce expositions, which never failed to fix the attention of all who were worthy of hearing him. Many of his pupils have distinguished themselves, and, through Isaac Todhunter and E. J. Routh, he had an important influence on the later Cambridge school. I. n spite, however, of the excellence and extent of his mathematical writings, it is probably as a logical reformer that De Morgan will be best remembered. In this respect he stands alongside of his great contemporaries Sir W. R. Hamilton and George Boole, as one of several independent discoverers of the all-important principle of the quantification of the predicate. Unlike most mathematicians, De Morgan always laid much stress upon the importance of logical training. In his admirable papers upon the modes of teaching arithmetic and geometry, originally published in the Quarterly Journal of Education (reprinted in The Schoolmaster, vol ii. ), he remonstrated against the neglect of logical doctrine. In 1839 he produced a small work called First Notions of Logic, giving what he had found by experience to be much wanted by students commencing with [[Euclid]]. In October 1846 he completed the first of his investigations, in the form of a paper printed in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (vol. iii. No. 29). In this paper the principle of the quantified predicate was referred to, and there immediately ensued a memorable controversy with Sir W. R. Hamilton regarding the independence of De Morgans discovery, some communications having passed between them in the autumn of 1846. The details of this dispute will be found in the original pamphlets, in the [[Athenaeum]] and in the appendix to De Morgans Formal Logic. Suffice it to say that the independence of De Morgans discovery was subsequently recognized by Hamilton. The eight forms of proposition adopted by De Morgan as the basis of his system partially differ from those which Hamilton derived from the quantified predicate. The general character of De Morgans development of logical forms was wholly peculiar and original on his part. Late in 1847 De Morgan published his principal logical treatise, called Formal Logic, or the Calculus of Inference, Necessary and Probable. This contains a reprint of the First Notions, an elaborate development of his doctrine of the syllogism, and of the numerical definite syllogism, together with chapters of great interest on probability, induction, old logical terms and fallacies. The severity of the treatise is relieved by characteristic touches of humour, and by quaint anecdotes and allusions furnished from his wide reading and perfect memory. There followed at intervals, in the years 1850, 1858,1860 and 1863, a series of four elaborate memoirs on the Syllogism, printed in volumes ix. nd x. of the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions. These papers taken together constitute a great treatise on logic, in which he substituted improved systems of notation, and developed a new logic of relations, and a new onymatic system of logical expression. In 1860 De Morgan endeavoured to render their contents better known by publishing a [[Syllabus]] of a Proposed System of Logic, from which may be obtained a good idea of his symbolic system, but the more readable and interesting discussions contained in the memoirs are of necessity omitted. The article Logic in the English Cyclopaedia (1860) completes the list of his logical publications. Throughout his logical writings De Morgan was led by the idea that the followers of the two great branches of exact science, logic and mathematics, had made blunders, the logicians in neglecting mathematics, and the mathematicians in neglecting logic. He endeavoured to reconcile them, and in the attempt showed how many errors an acute mathematician could detect in logical writings, and how large a field there was for discovery. But it may be doubted whether De Morgans own system, horrent with mysterious spiculae, as Hamilton aptly described it, is fitted to exhibit the real analogy between quantitative and qualitative reasoning, which is rather to be sought in the logical works of Boole. Perhaps the largest part, in volume, of De Morgans writings remains still to be briefly mentioned; it consists of detached articles contributed to various periodical or composite works. During the years 1833-1843 he contributed very largely to the first edition of the [[Penny]] Cyclopaedia, writing chiefly on mathematics, astronomy, physics and biography. His articles of various length cannot be less in number than 850, and they have been estimated to constitute a sixth part of the whole Cyclopaedia, of which they formed perhaps the most valuable portion. He also wrote biographies of Sir Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley for Knights British Worthies, various notices of scientific men for the [[Gallery]] of Portraits, and for the uncompleted Biographical Dictionary of the Useful Knowledge Society, and at least seven articles in Smiths Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography. Some of De Morgans most interesting and useful minor writings are to be found in the Companions to the British Almanack, to which he contributed without fail one article each year from 1831 up to 1857 inclusive. In these carefully written papers he treats a great variety of topics relating to astronomy, chronology, decimal coinage, life assurance, bibliography and the history of science. Most of them are as valuable now as when written. Among De Morgans miscellaneous writings may be mentioned his Explanation of the Gnomonic Projection of the Sphere, 1836, including a description of the maps of the stars, published by the Useful Know ledge Society; his Treatise on the Globes, Celestial and Terrestrial,1845, and his remarkable [[Book]] of Almanacks (2nd edition, 1871), which contains a series of thirty-five almanacs, so arranged with indices of reference, that the almanac for any year, whether in old style or new, from any epoch, ancient or modern, up to A.  D. 2000, may be found without difficulty, means being added for verifying the almanac and also for discovering the days of new and full moon from 2000 B. c. up to A. D. 2000. De Morgan expressly draws attention to the fact that the plan of this book was that of L. B. Francoeur and J. Ferguson, but the plan was developed by one who was an unrivalled master of all the intricacies of chronology. The two best tables of logarithms, the small five-figure tables of the Useful Knowledge Society 1839 and 1857), and Shroens Seven Figure-Table (5th ed. , 1865), were printed under De Morgans superintendence. Several works edited by him will be found mentioned in the British Museum Catalogue. He made numerous anonymous contributions through a long series of years to the Athenaeum, and to Notes and Queries, and occasionally to The North British Review, Macmillans Magazine, c.  Considerable labour was spent by De Morgan upon the subject of decimal coinage. He was a great advocate of the pound and mil scheme. His evidence on this subject was sought by the Royal Commission, and, besides constantly supporting the Decimal Association in periodical publications, he published several separate pamphlets on the subject. In 1866 his life became clouded by the circumstances which led him to abandon the institution so long the scene of his labours. The refusal of the council to accept the recommendation of the senate, that they should appoint an eminent Unitarian minister to the professorship of logic and mental philosophy, revived all De Morgans sensitiveness on the subject of sectarian freedom; and, though his feelings were doubtless excessive, there is no doubt that gloom was thrown over his life, intensified in 1867 by the loss of his son George Campbell De Morgan, a young man of the highest scientific promise, whose name, as De Morgan expressly wished, will long be connected with the London Mathematical Society, of which he was one of the founders. From this time De Morgan rapidly fell into ill-health, previously almost unknown to him, dying on the 18th of March 1871. An interesting and truthful sketch of his life will be found in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society for the 9th of February 1872, vol. xxii. p. 112, written by A. C. Ranyard, who says, He was the kindliest, as well as the most learned of men benignant to every one who approached him, never forgetting the claims which weakness has on strength. De Morgan left no published indications of his opinions on religious questions, in regard to which he was extremely reticent. He seldom or never entered a place of worship, and declared that he could not listen to a sermon, a circumstance perhaps due to the extremely strict religious discipline under which he was brought up. Nevertheless there is reason to believe that he VIII. 1 a was of a deeply religious disposition. Like M. Faraday and Sir I.  Newton he entertained a confident belief in Providence, founded not on any tenuous inference, but on personal feeling. His hope of a future life also was vivid to the last. George Boole George Booles father, John Boole (1779–1848), was a tradesman of limited means, but of studious character and active mind. Being especially interested in mathematical science and logic, the father gave his son his first lessons; but the extraordinary mathematical talents of George Boole did not manifest themselves in early life. At first, his favorite subject was classics. It was not until his successful establishment of a school at Lincoln, its removal to Waddington, and later his appointment in 1849 as the first professor of mathematics of then Queens College, Cork in Ireland (now University College Cork, where the library, underground lecture theatre complex and the Boole Centre for Research in Informatics are named in his honour) that his mathematical skills were fully realized. In 1855 he married Mary Everest (niece of George Everest), who later, as Mrs. Boole, wrote several useful educational works on her husbands principles. To the broader public Boole was known only as the author of numerous abstruse papers on mathematical topics, and of three or four distinct publications that have become standard works. His earliest published paper was the Researches in the theory of analytical transformations, with a special application to the reduction of the general equation of the second order. printed in the Cambridge Mathematical Journal in February 1840 , and it led to a friendship between Boole and D. F. Gregory, the editor of the journal, which lasted until the premature death of the latter in 1844. A long list of Booles memoirs and detached papers, both on logical and mathematical topics, are found in the Catalogue of Scientific Memoirs published by the Royal Society, and in the supplementary volume on Differential Equations, edited by Isaac Todhunter. To the Cambridge Mathematical Journal and its successor, the Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal, Boole contributed twenty-two articles in all. In the third and fourth series of the Philosophical Magazine are found sixteen papers. The Royal Society printed six important memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions, and a few other memoirs are to be found in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the Royal Irish Academy, in the Bulletin de lAcademie de St-Petersbourg for 1862 (under the name G Boldt, vol. iv. pp. 198–215), and in Crelles Journal. Also included is a paper on the mathematical basis of logic, published in the Mechanics Magazine in 1848. The works of Boole are thus contained in about fifty scattered articles and a few separate publications. Only two systematic treatises on mathematical subjects were completed by Boole during his lifetime. The well-known Treatise on Differential Equations appeared in 1859, and was followed, the next year, by a Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences, designed to serve as a sequel to the former work. These treatises are valuable contributions to the important branches of mathematics in question. To a certain extent these works embody the more important discoveries of their author. In the sixteenth and seventeenth chapters of the Differential Equations we find, for instance, an account of the general symbolic method, the bold and skilful employment of which led to Booles chief discoveries, and of a general method in analysis, originally described in his famous memoir printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1844. Boole was one of the most eminent of those who perceived that the symbols of operation could be separated from those of quantity and treated as distinct objects of calculation. His principal characteristic was perfect confidence in any result obtained by the treatment of symbols in accordance with their primary laws and conditions, and an almost unrivalled skill and power in tracing out these results. During the last few years of his life Boole was constantly engaged in extending his researches with the object of producing a second edition of his Differential Equations much more complete than the first edition, and part of his last vacation was spent in the libraries of the Royal Society and the British Museum; but this new edition was never completed. Even the manuscripts left at his death were so incomplete that Todhunter, into whose hands they were put, found it impossible to use them in the publication of a second edition of the original treatise, and printed them, in 1865, in a supplementary volume. With the exception of Augustus de Morgan, Boole was probably the first English mathematician since the time of John Wallis who had also written upon logic. His novel views of logical method were due to the same profound confidence in symbolic reasoning to which he had successfully trusted in mathematical investigation. Speculations concerning a calculus of reasoning had at different times occupied Booles thoughts, but it was not till the spring of 1847 that he put his ideas into the pamphlet called Mathematical Analysis of Logic. Boole afterwards regarded this as a hasty and imperfect exposition of his logical system, and he desired that his much larger work, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities (1854), should alone be considered as containing a mature statement of his views. Nevertheless, there is a charm of originality about his earlier logical work that is easy to appreciate.

Kurt Vonnegut’s Experience of Time Travel, War, and Death in Slaughterh

Slaughterhouse-Five is a stirring science-fiction book, which contains many interesting themes such as, space and time travel, philosophy on death, war, and aliens. In the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, The main character, Billy Pilgrim, is not in the first chapter. The author of this book, Kurt Vonnegut is the main character in this chapter (Harris). This book is written in a rather random order because Billy Pilgrim lived his life that way. In the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, the author’s imagination helps him get through reality by giving him the illusion that he is traveling through time and cannot die (Westbrook). Billy was a prisoner-of-war, but he continues with his normal life; he also believes that he was kid napped by aliens called Talfamadores (Peebles). These so called trips occur all through his life. He continues his life after serving in World War II by the occupation of optometry. He becomes rather wealthy but eventually dies. Giannone explains that there are three t hemes in Slaughterhouse-Five, which include, victory wins over death, the idea of no death, and the reader’s thoughts on the events of the book (Giannone). Billy Pilgrim has gained the ability to become unstuck in time. Billy went to sleep one night as an old man, and has woken up the next day as a driven young engaged man (Vonnegut 23). He has no control over where he is going to stop next in his lifetime, these trips are rather frightening (Vonnegut 23). In Slaughterhouse-Five, Billy thinks he is able to escape the present and time travel, but really, he is going back in time and seeing the bombings and other experiences (Vees-Gulani). In this novel, time is not chronological order, the time lapsed in this novel is very large, the time is made up of sma... ...Vol. 152. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Shear, Walter. "Kurt Vonnegut: The Comic Fate of the Sensibility." The Feeling of Being: Sensibility in Postwar American Fiction. New York: Peter Lang, 2002. 215-239. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 212. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Vees-Gulani, Susanne. "Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim: a psychiatric approach to Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five." CRITIQUE: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 44.2 (2003): 175+. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York, New York: Dell Publishing, 1991. Print. Westbrook, Perry D. "Kurt Vonnegut Jr.: Overview." Contemporary Novelists. Susan Windisch Brown. 6th ed. New York: St. James Press, 1996. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.

Normalized Child

Name: Shiva Kheiri Date: 4/5/2012 Instructor: Mrs. Deborah The Normalized Child Normalization is one of the most important goals of Montessori, but what does normalization mean? Most importantly, when does this process occur? Dr. Maria Montessori used the term normalization to describe a unique process she observed in child development. The process of normalization takes place in any Montessori-group at the beginning of the school year that children enter a new unknown environment. However, there are many characteristics that describe a normalized child. 1] Generally, normalization considered to be the transformation to a higher level of development, and the first step of education. However, in the process of development there are many different bodily functions that are formed in a child, and these developments depends on brain development. These developments occur mostly when children interact with each other, and in a different environment than their home. Maria Montessori observe d that when children are allowed to be free, and interact with their environment, they blossom.On the other hand, there were children who had no idea what to do, how to speak, and their thoughts were beyond reality. That is where normalization makes the correction. As Maria Montessori said, normalization is the most important single result of our whole work. However, what are the wonderful characteristics of a normalized child? In general, there are eleven characteristics of a normal child; following paragraphs are dedicated to these characteristics. A love of Order, we may think children do not pay attention to details, but once something is out of order, they will start asking questions about it. Similar article: Practical Life EssayFor example, if the teacher asks the children to take a nap before lunch time, they will question the teacher. So, the child has a desire to keep an order and to have his/her daily routines. Love of Work, describes the activity that children involve not just because it is fun, but also it provides education. It brings a form of self-expression and corresponding joy. For example, when we see a child chooses an activity, and keeps doing it over and over again with full concentration and never tires; that is love of work. Normalized children never see work as punishment. Profound Spontaneous Concentration, basically it is isolation of children rom their environment due to their concentration on an activity. It occurs when a child is fully engaged in his/her work, and it involves his intelligence. We can also call it the attention of life, or a phenomenon of growth which brings us to the next characteristic. Attachments to Reality refer to bringing ou t children from their dream land, and encounter them with reality. However, there is always place for imagination but in a limited time and place. In fact, children should be exposed to reality before fantasy. For example, video games can teach so many fantasized stories that children might confuse them with their real life.Therefore, there is always a limitation on fantasizing, and what they do as activity is based on reality not on their belief. Love of Silence and working alone, it definitely does not mean children like to be hermit, but it refers to the first step of independence. In many times children are willing to do their work with no assistance which basically means they want to test their own ability to get the work done alone, and most of the time their work requires concentration in a silence environment. For example, we do a game called â€Å"silence game† which requires children to listen to a sound and analyze it on their own.So, they learn to control their co ncentration, and work in a peaceful environment with respect to others. Elimination of the Possessive Instinct, the attitude of normalized children to their environment is not possessive, but it is intense love. The point of this tittle is to eliminate children’s selfishness. Some children believe everything belongs to them, and take advantage of what has been given to them. So, our purpose is to change their possessive instinct to three things: to know, to love, and to serve. For example, the same children who tore plants in the class learned to watch it grow.Power of act from Real choice and not from Curiosity Obedience Independence and Initiative Spontaneous Self-Discipline Joy At the end, we can conclude that normalization of children takes place according to the stages of child normalization described by M. Montessori. The level of normalization mainly depends on the years of staying with Montessori classroom. On the other hand, Dr. Montessori believed that if a child is placed in a well prepared environment, he/she would blossom, and show his total social potential. However, it is up to us, as teachers to prepare the environment in a way that children can freely develop their personality

Policy Introduction And Identification Of The Military...

Policy Introduction and Identification In January of 2013, the Department of Defense set aside the â€Å"1994 Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule† (Carter, 2015). This takes all restrictions off women allowing all who meet the qualifications to hold a combat role in the military. The Armed Forces have opened over 110,000 positions to women and have set their standards. Anyone, who can meet operationally relevant and gender neutral standards, regardless of gender, should have the opportunity to serve in any position (Carter, 2015). The Military Services and United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) were directed to implement this new change in policy by January 1, 2016 or submit an exception to this policy if they†¦show more content†¦From the beginning of American history men have fought our battles, but little do people know women have always been in our nations battles. During the Revolutionary War women follow their husbands to war, many serve in camps as cooks and nurses but h ad to obtain permission from the commanding officer if they proved themselves helpful (U.S. ARMY, 2017). From 1782 to 1783 Deborah Sampson served over a year in General Washington’s army disguising herself as a man, until she was wounded; reveling her true gender and being honorably discharged. Skipping ahead to 1861 the America Civil War, women would serve as administrators of hospitals as well as cooks and nurses in both the Union and Confederate hospitals. From 1917 to 1918 World War I, women were allowed to join the military. Throughout the last 2 years of World War 1 over 33,000 women served as nurses and support staff officially in the armed forces and more than 400 nurses die or are wounded in the line of duty. Moving forward to World War II 1941-1945, more than 400,000 women serve at home and abroad as mechanics, nurses, ambulance drivers, pilots, and other non-combat roles. Eight-eight women were captured as POW’s (prisoners of war). In 1984 Congress passed the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act allowing women permanent military status and entitled to veteran’s benefits. In 1950- 1953 over 50,000 women served at home and abroad during theShow MoreRelatedThe Threat Of Cyber Warfare1631 Words   |  7 Pages(cyber terrorism, 2012). † This dictionary provides a very vaque definition because there are so many definitions of the cyber terrorism; however, it always s include the safeguarding of computer and computer systems. 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